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Su24 > Test 1 Study guide > Flashcards

Test 1 Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter,

A

atom

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2
Q

All individuals of a given species living in an area at a defined time are a ______,

A

population

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3
Q

The process by which the sun’s energy is trapped by plants as the source of energy,

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Do human cells have a cell membrane?,

A

yes

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5
Q

Does Bacteria have DNA,

A

yes

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6
Q

What structure controls what enters and leaves the cell,

A

membrane

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7
Q

What structure contains the “instructions” on how the cell functions,

A

DNA

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8
Q

What kind of cell doesn’t have DNA in the nucleus and is typically very small,

A

Prokaryotic

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9
Q

What kind of cell has DNA in the nucleus and an enclosed membrane,

A

Eukaryotic

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10
Q

What are 2 things the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have in common,

A

Cell membrane and DNA

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11
Q

What 4 things contribute to DNA being the blueprint for life,

A
  • All cells have DNA
  • DNA can be replicated and passed on
  • DNA can be modified over time, allowing adaptation
  • DNA translates into physical traits
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12
Q

In DNA the _______ face towards the inside of the twisted ladder,

A

nitrogenous pairs

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13
Q

Cytosine pairs with _____,

A

Guanine

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14
Q

Adenine Pairs with ___,

A

Thymine

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15
Q

The organisms within domain Eukarya have ______ cells,

A

eukaryotic

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16
Q

order of classification from most general to most specific,

A

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

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17
Q

A group of college students order a pizza with mushrooms, ham, and pineapple. The mushrooms belong to the kingdom ________,

A

fungi

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18
Q

The organisms found within domain Bacteria have _______ cells,

A

prokaryotic

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19
Q

Which of the kingdoms contains primarily multicellular, larger-celled, photosynthetic organisms?,

A

Plante

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20
Q

Some members of a species have a genetic change that causes them to be better suited to their environment. These members survive to reproduce and pass these genetic changes to their offspring. This is,

A

Adaptation, natural selection, the driving force for evolution

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21
Q

T/F Unequal reproductive success leads to evolution of adaptations in populations,

A

TRUE

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22
Q

T/F The members of a population that are best suited for their environment will live long enough to pass on their genes (traits) to their offspring,

A

TRUE

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23
Q

In an experiment, the outcomes that will be recorded (data) or the variable that changes because of the experiment is the,

A

dependent variable

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24
Q

A proposed explanation for a set of observations is a(n),

A

hypothesis

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25
Q

A scientist is performing an experiment on a group of four mice to test a new artificial sweetener. Each mouse is given a different amount of sweetener. Which mouse is considered to be the control,

A

The mouse given no sweetener

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26
Q

What kingdom(s) contain multicellular organism that ingest their food,

A

Animalia

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27
Q

List the classification levels of an organism going from largest groups to the smallest,

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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28
Q

All living things can be arranged into ‘levels with increasing organizational complexity. Biologist refer to this as:,

A

Hierarchial Organization of life

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29
Q

Living organisms are characterized by what 3 characteristics,

A

adaping to the environment, evolving, and displaying homeostatic mechanisms

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30
Q

Are bacteria in domain Eukarya or Prokarya,

A

Prokarya

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31
Q

what domain contanins common advanced plants, animals, and fungi,

A

Eukarya

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32
Q

Is an hypothesis always true,

A

no

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33
Q

Charles Darwin determined the mechanism for evolution by observing what phenomonons (3),

A

Individuals in a population vary in their traits, Many traits are passed on from parent to offspring, a population can produce more offspring than an environment can support

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34
Q

At which level of organization would a protein, such as hemoglobin be placed?,

A

molecule

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35
Q

As complexities increase, new properties that did not exist in lower levels of organization are observed. What is this called?,

A

Emergent Properties

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36
Q

do thoughts require cells?,

A

yes

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37
Q

Is the sun the ultimate source of energy on earth,

A

yes

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38
Q

What is the process by which changes occur in the characteristics of species of organisms over time,

A

evolution

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39
Q

When many similar cells are grouped together, what is formed?,

A

tissue

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40
Q

What term is based on the greek root words for “laws” of “classification”,

A

taxonomy

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41
Q

What are composed of multiple organs working together for a common function for the life of an organism,

A

organ system

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42
Q

All Cells have these 4 things,

A

DNA, Ribsomes, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm

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43
Q

Which is larger, DNA or carbon,

A

DNA

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44
Q

Which is more complex, eukariotic or prokariotic,

A

Eurkariotic

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45
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases,

A

Adenie, Thymine, Guanine, Cyosine

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46
Q

Do humans share genetic code,

A

no

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47
Q

What are teh four kingdoms in domain eukarya,

A

protista, plante, fungi, animalia

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48
Q

Explain the cycle of nutrience,

A

Sun gives producers (plants) energy, plants give consumers (animals energy), Consumers give decomposers energy when they die, and decomposers give plants energy

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49
Q

What is teh general structure of DNA,

A

Composed of nucleotide which are made of 3 parts; Nitrgeneous base, sugar, and phosphate group

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50
Q

What does DNA do,

A

Make celluar products that direct delvelopment and growth of the organism, Reproduce itself without error, pass hereditary information(genes) from parent ot offspring, be modified over a long period of time to allow evolution

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51
Q

What are the 3 domains of life and what kingdom are they in,

A

Bacteria (Prokariotic), Archaria (Prokariotic), Eukarya (Eukariotic)

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52
Q

What is a major feature of the Protista kingdom,

A

unicellular

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53
Q

What is a Scientific Theory,

A

A hypothesis supported by a large & growing body of evidence and is accepted to be fact

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54
Q

Is air matter,

A

TRUE

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55
Q

what charge does proton, neutron, and electrons have

A

Proton: Positive Neutron: Neutral Electron: Negitive

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56
Q

if an atom has an atomic number of 6, how many protons would it have?,

A

6

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57
Q

What atom has 8 protons,

A

Oxygen

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58
Q

Which of the following are cations: Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, An atom has lost electrons, an atom that has gained electrons, carbon,

A

Na+, Ca2+, An atom that has lost electrons

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59
Q

If an atom has 8 electrons, how many would be found on each shelll?,

A

2 electrons in the first shell and 6 electrons in the outermost shell

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60
Q

If an atom has 10 electrons, it would have ___ electrons in the valance shell,

A

8

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61
Q

Identify the cation in the following HCL,

A

H+

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62
Q

Identify the anion in K3PO4,

A

PO4(3-)

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63
Q

Is C6H12O6 polar or nonpolar,

A

polar

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64
Q

Is C24H48 polar or nonpolar,

A

nonpolar

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65
Q

Are fat, lipids, and waxes polar or nonpolar,

A

nonpolar

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66
Q

Are compounds with alot of o & n polar or nonpolar,

A

polar

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67
Q

Are polar or nonpolar compounds dissolvable in water,

A

polar

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68
Q

Are amino acids and proteins polar or nonpolar,

A

polar

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69
Q

Is sugar polar or non-polar,

A

polar

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70
Q

is water polar or nonpolar,

A

polar

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71
Q

Are solutions dissolvable in oil polar or nonpolar,

A

nonpolar

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72
Q

Are compounds with alot of C & H polar or nonpolar,

A

Nonpolar

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73
Q

What of the following are nonpolar; O=O, H2O, C-C, Fat, Sugar, O2

A

O=O, C-C, Fat, O2

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74
Q

Are hydrogen bonds weak/short-term or strong /long-term,

A

weak, short-term

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75
Q

What is cohesion,

A

The ability for water to stick (hydrogen bond) to other water molecules

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76
Q

What is adhesion,

A

The ability for water to stick (hydrogen bond) to other molecules

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77
Q

What is surface tension,

A

hydrogen bonding makes it difficult to break through the surface of water

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78
Q

It requires a high _____ to change the temperature of water,

A

Specific heat

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79
Q

It takes a long time to boil water (change it from liquid to gas) because it has a high _____.,

A

heat of vaporization

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80
Q

What is the product in the equation: ADP + P –> ATP,

A

ATP

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81
Q

what is the reactant in the equation: C6H12O6 + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + ATP,

A

C6H12O6 + O2

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82
Q

A liquid with a pH of 2 has _____ times _____ H+ than a liquid with a pH of 3,

A

10x more

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83
Q

Which solution has more Hydrogen Ions; one with a pH of 2 or a pH of 12,

A

2

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84
Q

Human tears have a pH of 6; is it acidic or basic,

A

acidic

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85
Q

As pH increases, does H+ concentration increase or decrease,

A

decrease

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86
Q

what is a pH of 10 compared to pH of 7,

A

1000x more basic

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87
Q

Would we expect a lipid like cholesterol to dissolve easily in blood since it is mostly made of water,

A

No

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88
Q

Does NaCl dissolve in water,

A

Yes

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89
Q

Does adding a base such as sodium hydroxide lower the pH of milk?,

A

no

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90
Q

How is an isotope formed?,

A

gaining or loosing neutrons

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91
Q

Do nonpolar bonds form when 2 atoms have different electronegativites?,

A

no; nonpolar have the same electronegativites

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92
Q

Where are protons found in an atom,

A

nucleus

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93
Q

where are neutrons found in an atom,

A

nucleus

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94
Q

Where are electrons found in an atom,

A

electron cloud

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95
Q

What 4 atoms make up the majority of molecules found in an organism,

A

C, H, O, N

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96
Q

Is magnesium a trace element?,

A

no

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97
Q

What is responsible for an atom’s characteristics and abiltiy to form bonds,

A

the position of the electrons

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98
Q

The lower the pH, the ____ H+,

A

more (inverse relation)

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99
Q

what is the pH of blood and is it acidic, neutral, or basic,

A

7.35-7.45, slightly basic

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100
Q

what would happen if the pH of blood went outside of the 7.35-7.45 range,

A

it would denature

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101
Q

the enzyme, amylase, works best at a pH of 6.5 but denatures in acidic environments. would we expect it to denature at a pH of 3?,

A

yes

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102
Q

Carbon 14 has 2 extra neutrons, is it considered radioactive?,

A

yes

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103
Q

Do polar molecules have an equal distribution of charge,

A

no

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104
Q

t/f: An overproduction of acid in the stomach can lead to a “tummy ache.” It makes sense that a medication containing bicarbonate would be given to someone with this condition.,

A

TRUE

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105
Q

What is the atomic mass of oxygen which has 8 protons and 8 neutrons,

A

16

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106
Q

All elements are trace elements excpet _, _, _, _,

A

C H O N

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107
Q

What difference is there between organic and inorganic compounds?,

A

All organic compounds have carbon

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108
Q

How can you tell something radioactive?

A

it has extra neutrons

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109
Q

How is oxygen imporant to the body,

A

Vital for cellular respiration

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110
Q

How is carbon important to the body,

A

Building block of organic molecule, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

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111
Q

Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids organic or inorganic?,

A

orgainic

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112
Q

How is Hydrogen important to the body,

A

Key component of water which is a significant portion of the body

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113
Q

how is nitrogen important to the body,

A

Crucial component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

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114
Q

If an atom has an atomic mass of 12 and atomic number of 6 how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have? and what is its net charge,

A

6 p, 6 n, 6 e, no charge

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115
Q

What are valence electrons,

A

Electrons located in the outermost energy shell of an atom, which determine the atoms reactivity

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116
Q

Is carbon (6) reactive,

A

yes

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117
Q

Is helium (2) reactive,

A

no

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118
Q

Is Sodium (11) reactive,

A

Yes

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119
Q

Is Chloride (17) Reactive,

A

Yes

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120
Q

Is Boron (5) reactive,

A

yes

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121
Q

What changes in isotopes?

A

number of neutrons

122
Q

Is O=O polar or nonpolar,

A

nonpolar

123
Q

Is C(6)-H(1) polar or nonpolar,

A

Nonpolar

124
Q

Are fats polar or nonpolar,

A

Nonpolar

125
Q

Are sugars polar or nonpolar,

A

polar

126
Q

Is C-C polar or nonpolar,

A

nonpolar

127
Q

Is C(6)O2(8) polar or nonpolar,

A

Nonpolar

128
Q

Is H2(1)O(8) polar or nonpolar,

A

polar

129
Q

Is C(6)H4(1) polar or nonpolar,

A

Nonpolar

130
Q

Is N(7)H2(1) polar or nonpolar,

A

Polar

131
Q

Does a cation lose or gain electrons? charge? which is the cation in NaCl,

A

Lose, +, Na

132
Q

Does an anion lose or gain electrons? charge? which is the anion in NaCl,

A

Gain, -, Cl

133
Q

Acid has ______ H+ and ____ OH- causing a ______ pH scale,

A

More; less; lower

134
Q

Bases have ______ H+ and ____ OH- causing a ______ pH scale,

A

Less, more; higher

135
Q

How would adding a buffer bring a soultions pH up?,

A

The OH- in th ebase would remove the H+ from the solution, increasing the pH

136
Q

Define a chemical element,

A

A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances via chemical processes

137
Q

what 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?,

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

138
Q

What is the difference btw an element and a compound,

A

A compound is a mixture of elements, elements are made of atoms

139
Q

what makes up atoms,

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

140
Q

Explain the processes that result in chemical reaction,

A

chemical bonds break & the atoms separate & rearrange themselves into new substances w/ new chimcal bonds

141
Q

What is atomic mass,

A

Protons + neutrons

142
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds, how do they form, and how strong are they,

A

covalent: strongest, sharing of electrons Ionic: give/take electrons Hydrogen: weakest, bond of hydrogen atoms

143
Q

How is the attraction of electrons related to the polar covalent bonds in water,

A

Hydrogen is positive and the oxygen is negitive which is why water molecules can bond with other water molecules

144
Q

What is an aqueous soultion? what is a solvent and solute?,

A

Aqueous: water solution Solvent: dissolving agent Solute: Substance dissolving

145
Q

What is a pH buffer and how does it work,

A

A soultion of weak acid & base that resists a change in pH following addition of small amounts of a strong base. A buffer can Accept H+ if its pH gets low (weak base role) or donate H+ if the pH gets high (weak acid role)

146
Q

Further the shell from the center, ____ the pull

A

greater

147
Q

In each shell, electrons are orgainized into _______. There are __ in the first shell and __ in every shell after

A

orbitals; 2; 4

148
Q

What is electronegativity

A

an atoms attraction for shared electrons

149
Q

Does H have a strong or weak electronegativity

A

weak

150
Q

Does N(7) have a strong or weak electronegaitvity

A

strong

151
Q

Bonds with __ & __ are usually nonpolar

A

C & H

152
Q

Bonds with __ & __ are usually polar

A

O & N

153
Q

define endothermic

A

heat is absorbed to break H bonds

154
Q

Define Exothermic

A

Heat is released to form H bonds

155
Q

Acid ____ H+ Ions

A

donates

156
Q

Base ____ H+ ions

A

accepts

157
Q

Fatty acids are water-soluble. True or False?,

A

FALSE

158
Q

The specific pH of blood is 7.0. True or False?,

A

FALSE

159
Q

We would expect testosterone to dissolve in water. True or False?,

A

FALSE

160
Q

Combining fatty acids and glycerol to make a triglyceride would be an example of catabolism. True or False?,

A

FALSE

161
Q

If a triglyceride is added to a non-polar solution, we would expect it to completely dissolve. True or False?,

A

FALSE

162
Q

Ionic bonds are formed when an electron is completely transferred to another atom and an attraction forms. True or False?,

A

TRUE

163
Q

If two disaccharides undergo dehydration, we will end up with a polysaccharide. True or False?,

A

FALSE

164
Q

Hydrolysis of lactose yields two monosaccharides. True or False?,

A

TRUE. Galactose and Glucose

165
Q

If the pH of blood drops to 7.25, an acid like carbonic acid will bring the blood pH back to within normal range. True or False?,

A

FALSE

166
Q

We would expect prostaglandins (a group of lipid-based substances made in the body) to dissolve in water. True or False?,

A

FALSE

167
Q

Many amino acids linked together through peptide bonds form polypeptides. True or False?,

A

TRUE

168
Q

A sugar is found as a structural component of DNA. True or False?,

A

TRUE

169
Q

The normal pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH of blood fell to pH 7.05, we would expect proteins in the blood to denature. True or False?,

A

TRUE

170
Q

The enzyme, amylase, is produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. It works best at pH 6.5, but denatures upon entering the acidic environment of the stomach. We would expect it to denature at pH 3. True or False?,

A

TRUE

171
Q

The more hydrogen ions (H+) a solution has, the lower the pH. True or False?,

A

TRUE

172
Q

Which monomer correctly matches its polymer?
- Amino Acid = Nucleic Acid
- Monosaccharide = Glycogen
- Polusaccharides = Starch
- Nucleotide = Protein
- Protein = Peptide,

A

Monomer = Glycogen

173
Q

Animals store carbohydrates in the form of starch. True or False?,

A

FALSE

174
Q

Large carbon based molecules are termed _____. These are composed of smaller building blocks called _____. These link together to form ______.,

A

Macromolecules, Monomers, Polymers

175
Q

What is Dehydration Reaction?,

A

When a bond is formed through the LOSS of a water molecule. (H from one monomer and -OH from another)

176
Q

What is Hydrolisis Reaction?,

A

When a polymer is broken down by the ADDITION of a water molecule.

177
Q

What are Functional Groups?,

A

Chemically reactive groups that change hydrocarbons into molecules with a range of useful chemical and physical properties.

178
Q

What are the Functional Groups?

A

Hydroxyl (OH), Carboxyl (CO OH), Amino (NH2), Phosphate (OPO32-), Methyl (CH3).

179
Q

Which Functional Groups are Polar and Which are Non-Polar?,

A

Polar: Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate
Non-Polar: Methyl

180
Q

Where would the Functional Groups be found?,

A

Hydroxyl: Alcohol and sugars
Carboxyl: Carboxylic acids, proteins, fatty acids
Amino: Proteins
Phosphate: ATP, Nucleotides
Methyl: DNA

181
Q

What are carbohydrates and theyr monomers and polymers?,

A

Carbohydrates are energy storage for all organisms. They have single sugar monomers and simple sugar polymers.

182
Q

What 2 functional groups make up carbohydrates?,

A

Hydroxyl and Carboxyl. (Carbohydrates have hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen).

183
Q

What are monosaccharides?,

A

They are simple sugars, like Glucose and Fructose. They are the main fuel for cells to work.

184
Q

What are disaccharides?,

A

Those are 2 monosaccharides linked through DEHYDRATION. Examples are Sucrose (Glucose and Fructose), Maltose (Glucose and Glucose), and Lactose (Galactose and Glucose).

185
Q

What are Polysaccharides?,

A

2+ monosaccharides that are linked together to form a bigger molecule. Some of the main ones include Starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

186
Q

What are the locations and function of the three main polysaccharides?,

A

Starch: Located in the plant cells and they are the energy storage in fruits and flowers.
Glycogen: Located in animal liver cells and skeletal muscles, energy storage for animals.
Cellulose: Located in the plant cell wall and are used for structure of the plant.

187
Q

Why can the human digestive system not break down cellulose?,

A

Because we don’t have the enzyme that breaks it down.

188
Q

What are isomers?,

A

Isomers are two organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different shape and and behave differently. Ex) C6H12O6.

189
Q

What are lipids and their polymer and monomer?,

A

Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are primarily made of hydrogen and carbon. They include Triglycerides (neutral fats), phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION IS MAKING UP A MAJOR COMPONENT OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES. Their polymers are triglycerides and their monomers are fatty acids.

190
Q

What are triglycerides?,

A

They are three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule.

191
Q

What are fatty acids?,

A

They are long hydrocarbon chains that have a carboxyl functinoal group at the end of the molecule. Fatty acid chains vary in length.

192
Q

What is Glycerol?,

A

3 carbon alcohol (three -OH groups in a single molecule).

193
Q

What are saturated fats?,

A

When a fatty acid chain has the maximum numbler of Hs attatched. The arrangement makes the fatty acid chain straight and allows it to be packed tightly together. It has single C-C bonds, and are usually solud at room temperatures.

194
Q

What are unsaturated fats?,

A

These have double bonds, which means the carbons are missing hydrogen atoms. They have a kink to them which prevents them from being tightly packed together. They are usually liquid at room temperature.

195
Q

What are monosaturated and polysaturated unsaturated fats?,

A

If an unsaturated fatty acid has one double bond, it is monosaturated. If it has more than one double bond, then it is polysaturated.

196
Q

Why are unsaturated fats considered to be the ‘good fats’?,

A

Because they help lower LDL cholestorol levels and reduce risk of heart disease.

197
Q

What is the difference in a stick of margerine vs margerine in spray cans?,

A

A stick has more saturated fats and liquid has more unsaturated fats.

198
Q

What are phospholipids?,

A

They are a major component of cell membranes in bacteria and eukaryotes. The structure is similar to triglycerides, but phospholipids have two groups of hydrophilic heads.

199
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid. What part is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?,

A

The heads on phospholipids are polar and hydrophilic, facing out towards the water. In between are hydrophobic tails that are non-polar.

200
Q

What are steroids?,

A

Steroids are a type of lipid that are made from Cholestorol. They are important to the cell membrane in plants and animals. A lot of important hormones come from steroids. Some examples include estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol. STEROIDS ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN A WATER SOLUTION.

201
Q

What are waxes?,

A

Waxes are HYDROPHOBIC lipids. They are used in nature as a coating dor items that the organism wants to keep dry inside, such as seeds. Waxes are used as an energy storage source in plankton, some fish, and whales.

202
Q

What are proteins and their polymer+monomers?,

A

Proteins are the most diverse group of macromolecules. Their monomers are amino acids and their polymers are called polypeptides.

203
Q

How many different amino acids are there?,

A

There are about 20 different ones that link together and determine different functions of the proteins.

204
Q

Describe the structure of a general amino acid.,

A

It has a central carbon atom that is bound to a hydrogen atom and 3 functional groups. Those are an amino group, a carboxylic group, and then a side group called r-groups. (R stands for residue).

205
Q

What are the 8 types of proteins and their functions?,

A

1) Enzyme - speed up the process of chemical reactions. (Ex: Digestive System)
2) Defensive - Protecting against disease. (Ex: Antibiotics)
3) Storage - They store the amino acids (ovalbumin)
4) Transport - Transportinf substances
5) Hormonal - Coordinated organisms activity (insulin)
6) Receptor - Response of cell to chemical stimuli (nerve cells)
7) Contractile + Motor - Movement (cilia flagella - motor. Actin + myosin - contract)
8) Structural - support (keratin, collagen)

206
Q

What are peptide bonds?,

A

When amino acids are joined by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis. Peptide bonds are STRONG COVALENT.

207
Q

What is denaturing a protein and how can we do this?,

A

Denaturing is when the form of the protein is lost, therefore losing its function. This can be done by increasing temperature, change in pH, or increasing salt concentration.

208
Q

What would happen if hemoglobin was denatured?,

A

It would lose its ability to carry oxygen.

209
Q

What are the 4 levels of the protein structure?,

A

1) Primary. The order of amino acids in the protein (this step determines the final shape of the protein).
2) Secondary. The basic shape of a large portion of the molecule. Either an alpha helix shape, a beta pleated shape, or a mix.
3) Tertiary. The percice 3-Dimensional structure of the folded protein chain. This is when the R Groups come together.
4) Quaternary. Arrangement of multiple protein chains interacting as a single unit.

210
Q

How does the primary stage determine the secondary and tertiary structures?,

A

Because the chemical nature of the R groups of amino acids. The form = function.

211
Q

What are nucleic acids and their monomers and polymers?,

A

Nucleic acids are what carry genetic information for the cell. The polymers are DNA or RNA strands, and the monomers are nucleotides. These are joined by dehydration reactions.

212
Q

What does DNA carry?,

A

The genetic code that the cell uses to make protein, and control cell development and function.

213
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?,

A

Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

214
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?,

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. (They are bonded together through weak hydrogen bonds).

215
Q

Stretches of DNA are organized into functional units called ___?,

A

Genes. They hold the informtation to make one or more proteins.

216
Q

What kind of sugar molecule does RNA have?,

A

A ribose sugar. This means it DOES have the oxygen on carbon.

217
Q

What is mRNA?,

A

Messenger RNA. It is a single strand complementary copy of DNA.

218
Q

What are transcription and translation?,

A

Transcription is when the RNA copy is made, and translation is when the mRNA transfers the information from the DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

219
Q

What replaces Thymine in RNA?,

A

Uracil.

220
Q

What are Pruines?,

A

Double ringed. Guanine and Adenine. (Pure As Gold).

221
Q

What are Pyrimidines?,

A

Single ringed. Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil.

222
Q

What are 3 structural differences between DNA and RNA?,

A

1) DNA is double strands and RNA is single strands.
2) DNA has thymine, and RNA has uracil.
3) DNA has deoxyribose sugar, and RNA has ribose sugar.

223
Q

What is the maximum number of atoms that carbon can chemically bond?

A

4

224
Q

T/F The longest chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called the carbon backbone.

A

TRUE

225
Q

Since carbon has four valence electrons, how many more electrons does carbon need to fill its valence orbit?

A

4

226
Q

Which of the following is NOT an organic compound? CH4, C6H12O6, H2O, C8H18O

A

H2O

227
Q

T/F During hydrolysis, water is added to a polymer to break a bond.

A

TRUE

228
Q

Amino acids are linked together to form proteins. Which reaction would be used?

A

dehydration

229
Q

Which of the organ systems in the human body would use hydrolysis the most?

A

digestive

230
Q

What is the structure for Hydroxyl and where is it found

A

OH, found in sugar and alcohols

231
Q

What is the structure for Carbonyl/Carboxyl and where is it found

A

Cooh, Found in the acid group amino acids

232
Q

What is the structure for the amino group

A

NH2, found as the nitrogen group in amino acids

233
Q

what is the structure for Methyl and why is it important

A

CH3, important in gene expression

234
Q

Which functional group is part of ATP?

A

Phosphates

235
Q

Which functional group may be found in sugars?

A

Hydroxyl

236
Q

Which functional groups are found in an amino acid?

A

carboxyl and amino

237
Q

What is the fomula for carbohydrates

A

C6H12O6

238
Q

What makes up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

239
Q

what makes up lactose

A

glucose + galactose

240
Q

What makes up sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

241
Q

What is the reaction used to build a polysaccharide

A

dehydration synthesis

242
Q

What is the reaction used to break down polysaccharide

A

Hydrolysis

243
Q

The amino acid is made of a central carbon attached to a hydrogen, a variable (‘R’) group, and which two functional groups?

A

Carboxyl & Amino

244
Q

Which structure is the sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

245
Q

which structure is the formation of an alpha helix or pleated sheet

A

secondary structure

246
Q

Which structure is the 3D folding of the chain into a shape

A

tertiary structure

247
Q

which strucutre has multiple amino acid chains forming a large structure

A

quaternary structure

248
Q

If a strand of DNA has 30 bases (nucleotides), how many amino acids will it code for?

A

10

249
Q

Are triglycerides hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

250
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

251
Q

Are polar amino acids hydrophobic or philic

A

Philic

252
Q

Are steroids hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

253
Q

Is cholesterol hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

254
Q

Is estrogen hydrophobic or philic

A

Phobic

255
Q

Is the phospholipid head hydrophobic or philic

A

Philic

256
Q

Is glucose hydrophobic or philic

A

Philic

257
Q

Level of orgainization: what term i used to describe a group of different organisms living in an ecosystem,

A

community

258
Q

A scientist tests the link between vitamins and lifespan. what is the hypothesis, control, independent variable, and dependent variable

A

H: Vitamins increase lifespan C: Group without vitamins I: vitamin dosage D: lifespan

259
Q

Is O2(8) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

260
Q

Is Mg(12)Cl2(17) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

ionic

261
Q

Is C(6)H3(1) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Polar

262
Q

Is H2(1)O(8) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Polar (water is always polar)

263
Q

Is C(6)O2(8) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

264
Q

Is FF(9) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

265
Q

Is Ca(20)Cl2(17) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Ionic

266
Q

Is N(7)H3(1) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Polar

267
Q

Is C6(6)H12(1)O6(8) Ionic, polar, or nonpolar

A

Polar

268
Q

Do polar or nonpolar compounds dissolve in water

A

Polar

269
Q

Do polar or nonpolar compounds dissolve in oil

A

nonpolar

270
Q

Which of the following dissolve in fat: Glucose, polar amino acid, NaCl, Nonpolar vitamins

A

Nonpolar vitamins

271
Q

would an amino acid with a sidechain of NH2 be polar or nonpolar

A

Polar

272
Q

What is the reactans and products of H+ + OH- = H2O

A

R: H+, OH- P: H2O

273
Q

If a compound contains CH is it polar or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

274
Q

If a compound contains hydrocabons is it polar or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

275
Q

If a compound is Ionic is it polar or nonpolar

A

Polar

276
Q

If a compound shares e- equally is it polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

277
Q

If a compound shares e- unequally is it polar or nonpolar

A

Polar

278
Q

If a compound contains O and N is it polar or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

279
Q

What type of bond is within a water molecule

A

Covalent

280
Q

What kind of bond is responsible for all unique porperties of water

A

Hydrogen

281
Q

An isotope of oxygen (16) has a mass of 18 and an atomic number of 8. how many neutrons does it have?

A

10

282
Q

How many electrons does Carbon (6) have in its valence shell?

A

4

283
Q

What is an atom called when it losses electrons

A

cation

284
Q

what is an acid

A

A substance that increases the concentration of H+ in a soultion and therefore has a low pH

285
Q

is a solution with a pH of 10 acidic or basic

A

basic

286
Q

Is a solution with a pH of 4 acidic or basic

A

acidic

287
Q

What is the normal pH of blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

288
Q

Is pH 9 more acidic or basic than pH 4

A

more basic

289
Q

How many more times acidic is a soultion with a pH of 2 compoared to pH of 5

A

x1000

290
Q

How does a buffer neutralize a soultion if its too acidic

A

it accepts H+

291
Q

What particle determines an atoms chemical behavior

A

Electron

292
Q

what changes in an isotope

A

number of neutrons

293
Q

Will butter dissolve in water

A

No, butter is a fat

294
Q

is a pH of 2 more/less acidic than pH 0? how many times?

A

less, x100

295
Q

How many different atoms can carbon (6) bond to?

A

4

296
Q

which element would be more reactive, Mg(12) or Ar(18)

A

Mg

297
Q

What is Thymine subbed for in RNA

A

uracil

298
Q

What is the monomer for Nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

299
Q

What are monosaccharies, simple sugars, or glucose the monomer for

A

Carbohydrates

300
Q

What is the monomer for protein

A

amino acids

301
Q

What are the monomers (2) for Lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

Su24 (20 decks)

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