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Su24 > Lab Mid: Review > Flashcards

Lab Mid: Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps to the scientific method?,

A

Observation, question, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis of data, and conclusion.

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2
Q

Define control, independent, and dependent variable.

A

Control is the variable used with no change to it to have something to compare to. Independent is the variable that we manipulate. Dependent is the result that relies on the change.

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3
Q

Explain the properties of water.

A

The properties of water are cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, specific heat, and heat of vaporization. Cohesion means sticking to other water molecules, adhesion is sticking to other polar surfaces, surface tension is a measure of difficulty of breaking through the film that forms on the surface of a drop or pond of water, specific heat is a large amount of heat input is required to raise the temperature of water, and heat of vaporization means the amount of energy required to change water from liquid to gas.

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4
Q

Identify the source of surface tension.

A

Surface tension is cause by the attraction between water molecules at the surface of water.

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5
Q

Identify factors such as soap and temperature and their effects on surface tension.

A

Soapy water takes up more surface area, therefore resulting in a lower surface tension that broke with fewer drops. Water with a higher temperature will break up hydragen bonds, casuing the surface tension to become weaker.

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6
Q

Identify the type of bond responsible for holding one water molecule together vs connecting many water molecules together.

A

Covalent bonds holding one molecule together, hydrogen bonds holding many water molecules together.

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7
Q

Identify acids/bases on the pH scale.

A

0-6 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and 8-14 is basic. Red color is extremelt acidic, and purple is extremely basic.
Red strip of paper: Stays red, acid. Turns blue, base.
Blue strip of paper: Stays blue, base. Turns red, acid.

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8
Q

Understand how the number of H+ changes when moving along the pH scale.

A

When H+ is higher, or more concentrated, the pH is more acidic. When a substance has less H+ molecules it will be a base.

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9
Q

Understand how the number of H+ affects pH.

A

If basic, a carbonic acid adds H+ to lower the pH to make the substance more acidic

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10
Q

Carbonic Acid/Bicarbonate Buffer equation.

A

H2CO3 <—–> H+ + HCO3-

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11
Q

Demonstrate an understanding of how a buffer works under both acidic and basic conditions.

A

A buffer will accept (eat) H+ molecules if the solution is too acidic, and it will donate H+ molecules if the solution is too basic.

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12
Q

Which is more acidic or basic: ammonia or water? Lemon-lime soda or detergent?

A

Ammonia is more basic than water. Lemon-lime soda is more acidic than detergent.

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13
Q

Given pH paper or litmus paper, could you read and interpret the results?

A

Blue litmus paper turns red in an acidic solution, while red litmus paper turns blue in a basic concentration.

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14
Q

Four main classes of organic compounds.

A

Carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids.

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15
Q

Monomers for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nicleic acids.

A

Carbohydrates: SINGLE SUGARS. glucose; C6H1206.
Protein: Amino Acid.
Nucleic acids: Nuecleotide: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil (RNA)
Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids.

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16
Q

Identify the correct indicator solution for the following organic compounds: simple sugars, large carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

A

Simple sugars: Benedict’s reagent.
Large carbs: Iodine-potassium Iodide
Proteins: Biuret’s reagent
Lipids: Sudan IV

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17
Q

Identify what constitutes a positive result or a negative result.

A

(+/-) Benedict’s: Red/blue Iodine: blue-black/dark brown Biuret’s: purple/light blue Sudan IV: Red/yellowish pink

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18
Q

What does the ocular (eyepiece) lens do?

A

Lens we look through

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19
Q

What is the objective lense?

A

Allows you to zoom in on the specimen without adjusting the stage. Four different lenses; 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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20
Q

What is the condenser?

A

Glass lens under/within the stage; gathers light from the iris diaphragm

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21
Q

What is the iris diaphragm?

A

Adjusts the amount of light passing through the specimen.

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22
Q

What is the nose piece?

A

Area where the objective lenses are screwed in at

23
Q

Calculate total magnification.

A

Red 4x: 40 Yellow 10x: 100 Blue 40x: 400 White 100x: 1000

24
Q

When you first look at a specimen under the microscope, which objective lense should you use first?

A

Red 4x

25
Q

When do you focus on a specimen using the coarse focus knob and when should you use the fine focus knob?

A

Once it is close enough to make out, use fine focus to make the specimen image more clear. From there, ONLY use fine focus when using the blue and white objective lenses.

26
Q

When you look at a specimen under the microscope, what is the name of the area that you are viewing it under (in other words, the circle or field the specimen is in).

A

Field of View

27
Q

Define parfocal and resolving power.

A

A microscope is parfocal if an object in focus ar one power will still be in focus if you change it to another power. Resolving Power is the ability to entiate two objects as seperate objects.

28
Q

Large animal and plant cell models: Be able to identify the nucleus, cell wall, nucleolus, rER, sER, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria. golgi apparatus, centrosomes (animal only), centrioles (animal only), peroxisomes, central vavuole (plant only), and chloroplast (plant only).

A

Nucleus: Where DNA is stored
Cell wall: PLANT CELL + BACTERIA. Provides structure and protection for the plants/bacteria cells.
Nucleolus: Where ribosomes and mRNA are created.
rER: Bound Ribosomes here, where proteins are packaged and transported to the golgi.
sER: Makes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium.
Lysosome: They are ‘recyclers’ that break down compounds delivered to them.
Ribosome: Protein synthesis
Mitochondria: Site for cellular respiration.
Golgi Apparatus: Where proteins are packaged and shipped to their final destinations.
Centrosome: They are microtubule organizing centers.
Centriole: There are 2 in a non dividing cell. They help cells divide and replicate.
Peroxisomes: Produce H2O2 and break it down
Central Vacuole: PLANT ONLY. Storage for foods, waste, water, sugars, and some proteins.
Chloroplast: PLANT ONLY. Organelles used for photosynthesis in plants.

29
Q

Mitochondrion Model: Identify the followinf structures and funcitons. Outer membrane, innermembrane space, inner membrane/cristae, and matrix.

A

Outer membrane: Separates innermembrane space from the cytosol. Protection/Structure.
Intermembrane space: Active site for the electron transport chain and ATP production
Innermembrane/Cristae: The folded shape increases the surface area for ATP production.
Matrix: Space within the innermembrane, conains enzymes, dna, and ribosomes for ATP production and citric acid cycle.

30
Q

Chloroplas Model: Identify the following structures and functions. Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, stroma, granum, thykaloid membrane, and thykaloid space.

A

Outer membrane: Provides structure, contains porins that are permiable to small molecules.
Intermembrane space: Separates inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast.
Innermembrane: It regulates passage of molecules inside and out of the chloroplast. Boarders the stroma.
Stroma: Equivalent to the matrix. It is a fluid filled space that surrounds the grana.
Granum: Stack of discs crutial to photosynthetic activity.
Thylakoid membrane: Traps light energy and converts it into energy, also releases oxygen.
Thylakoid space: Help absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

31
Q

Histology Slides: Know the functions and characteristics of each. Blood, cheek cell (squamos epitheliam cell), neuron, leaf chloroplasts, sperm, skeletal muscle, and prokaryotic cell.

A

Red/White Blood Cells: RBC: No nucleus. Responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen through the body. WBC: Responsible for your immune system, engulf and break down bacterias.
Cheek Cell: They protect the skin from things passing through, allowing selective diffusion of materials through.
Neuron: They send and recieve neurotransmitters.
Leaf Chloroplast: To produce photosynthetic activities.
Sperm: Fertilizing an egg.
Skeletal muscle: Contraction and relaxation of muscles. Striations
Prokaryotic cell: Reproduction, respiration, digestion.

32
Q

What are gram negative and gram positive bacteria? How do you know?

A

Negative: Turn pink/red after being stained. Surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan. E. Coli.
Positive: Remain purple after being stained. They lack an outer membrane, have a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounding. Staphylococcus.

33
Q

Differentiate between arrangements and morphologies of bacteria: Staphylo-, Strepto-, Bacillus, Coccus.

A

Staphylo: Clusters
Strepto: Chains
Bacillus: Rods
Coccus: Round

34
Q

Bacteria Cell Model: Nucleoid region, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, DNA, capsule, and flagellum.

A

Nucleoid Region: Where DNA is stored
Cytoplasm: Structure and support of the cell
Cell Membrane: Surrounds the cell and regulating the passing of substances.
Cell Wall: Outermost later, shapes the cell.
Ribosome: Prodoces proteins
DNA: Genetic information
Capsule: Protects the bacteria from toxic compounds.
Flagellum: Tail on the end that allows for movement.

35
Q

Color of gram+ and gram- bacteria after each step of staining: Crystal violet, iodine mordant, alcohol decolorizer, safranin.

A

Gram+: violet, violet, violet, violet.
Gram-: violet, violet, clear, red/pink.

36
Q

Slides: Red blood cell in isotonic solution, red blood cells and plant cells in hypertonic solution, and red blood cells in hypotonic solution.

A

Isotonic: RBC have no change because equal amounts are moving in and out of the cell.
Hypertonic: RBC shrinks because H2O is leaving the cell to the more soluted area outside the cell. Plant cell becomes plazmolyzed (shrinks).
Hypotonic: RBC swells because more H2O is entering the cell.

37
Q

What would happen to a red blood cell and a plant cell placed in an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution?

A

Isotonic: RBC would have no change. Plant cell would become Flaccid, or wilt.
Hypertonic: RBC would swell. Plant cell would plazmolyze or shrink rapidly/wilt.
Hypotonic: RBC would shrink. Plant cell would become turgid and swell.

38
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions.

39
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes speed up processes like digestion.

40
Q

How do they speed up reactions?

A

They reduce the activation energy so the process can happen faster.

41
Q

How can enzyme function be inhibited?

A

Higher temperatures and a change in pH can inhibit enzymes because they work in specific conditions.

42
Q

What does the enzyme catalase do?

A

It breaks down H2O2 into Water and Oxygen.

43
Q

Know the effects of the following conditions on catalase function: Room temperature, boiling temperature, warm (37ºC) temperature, cold temperature, and pH.

A

Room temperature: It had a medium reaction on the activity.
Boiling temperature: It had no reactio on the catalase.
Warm Temperature: It had a stronger reaction on the catalse.
Cold Temperature: It had the greatest reaction on the catalase.
pH: Needs specific pH to work for different enzymes.

44
Q

Can you reuse catalase? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because when it is breaking things down it does not damage the enzyme.

45
Q

Know the relative amounts of catalase in liver, chicken, apple, and potato.

A

Liver: Has a lot of catalase, bubbled and released heat.
Chicken: Had relatively no catalase, no reaction.
Apple: Had relatively no catalase, no reaction.
Potato: Had a small amount of catalase, bubbled a little bit.

46
Q

What type of organism is yeast?

A

Yeast is a single cell eukaryote.

47
Q

What type of fermentation does yeast perform?

A

Anaerobic furmentation (without oxygen).

48
Q

What cas was produced during furmentation?

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide) bubble.

49
Q

Which situation (combination) had the highest furmentation?

A

Combination 5: 3mL of water, 6mL of yeast, 6mL of glucose.

50
Q

What was used as a control for this experiment?

A

15mL of water.

51
Q

What was the dependent variable for this experiment?

A

The CO2 bubble height.

52
Q

What was the independent variable for this experiment?

A

The combinations of solutions.

53
Q

Which path, aerobic or anaerobic, produced the most energy?

A

Aerobic because the oxygen.

54
Q

Why was Parafilm used in this experiment?

A

To simulate an anaerobic environment for the yeast fermentation.

Su24 (20 decks)

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