Bio Ch 6 Flashcards
Which of the following is a reactant of cellular respiration?,
Oxygen and Glucose
is cellular respiration an exothermic reaction.,
yes
T/F
Heat is produced during cellular respiration because no energy exchange is 100% efficient.
This is an example of the second law of thermodynamics.,
TRUE
T/F cellular respiration would be an anabolic reaction.,
FALSE
Choose ALL of the following which are products of cellular respiration:,
CO2, Water, ATP, heat
Which organelle is most involved in cellular respiration?,
Mitochondria
T/F If a cell is making ATP under conditions where oxygen is absent, it is considered aerobic.,
FALSE
For every one glucose molecule: how many pyruvate are formed?,
2
For every one glucose molecule: how many acetylCoA are formed?,
2
How many CO2 will be formed if two acetyl groups go through the citric acid cycle?,
4
How many ATP will be formed if two acetyl groups go through the citric acid cycle?,
2
How many CO2 will be formed if one acetyl group goes through the citric acid cycle?,
2
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?,
Mitochondria Matrix
Where in the cell does Glycolysis happen?,
Cytoplasm
Where in the cell does the Electron Transport Chain occur?,
Mitochondria Cristae
If 20 NADH molecules enter the ETC, how many ATP would result?,
60
If 20 FADH2 molecules enter the ETC, how many ATP would result?,
40
Which produces more ATP: Anaerobic or aerobic
aerobic
Does the ETC need O2
yes
T/F If O2 is not present, the citric acid cycle can still occur.,
FALSE
T/F If O2 is not present, glycolysis can still occur.,
TRUE
_NADH molecules are produced from two acetylCoA molecules during the citric acid cycle
6
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?
glycolysis
During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria will be generated by __________________ and used primarily for _________________.
the electron transport chain . . . ATP synthesis
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs in the intermembrane space?
pH of the intermembrane space drops
All of the following substances can be produced under anaerobic conditions except
NADH.
ATP.
lactate.
acetyl CoA.
pyruvate.
acetyl CoA
T/F Energy for all life processes is derived directly or indirectly from the sun.
TRUE
Pyruvate is oxidized into ______ prior to the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate is oxidized into Acetyl CoA prior to the _________________
citric acid cycle.
Fermentation is an ________ way of harvesting energy
Anaerobic
Which of the following can be broken down during cellular respiration to make ATP?
proteins.
lipids.
saccharides.
all
T/F Humans can use lactic acid and alcohol fermentation to generate small amounts of ATP anaerobically.
FALSE
Which of the following is not involved in cellular respiration?
glycolysis
fermentation
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmosis
fermentation
T/F ATP is produced and used continuously in all active cells.
TRUE
The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is
oxygen
Animals store most of their energy reserves as _____.
fats
Glycolysis is a(n) __________ reaction.
endothermic (anabolic)
exergonic (catabolic)
abnormal
endergonic (anabolic)
unregulated
exergonic (catabolic)
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
The inner membrane space
Where is pyruvate formed?
in the cytoplasm
Most CO2 is released during
the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs).
T/F? NADH –> NAD+ is a reduction.
FALSE
All of the following statements about glycolysis are true except:
- Glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2.
- The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O.
- Glycolysis makes ATP
- Glycolysis has steps involving phosphorylation.
- The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
In the Inner Membrane
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Which molecule(s) enter electron transport?
-ATP.
-CO2.
-Acetyl CoA.
-FADH2 and NADH.
-Glucose
FADH2 and NADH.
What is Oxygens primary role in cellular respiration?
Act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
How many ATP molecules (net) are produced by glycolysis?
2
The movement of electrons from one molecule to another is called a _________
redox reaction.
T/F? All organisms produce heat during their metabolic processes.
TRUE
Which is important for chemiosmosis?
A difference of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane and the enzyme ATPsynthase.
When NAD+ –> NADH it is said to be ______
Reduced
What does Coenzyme NAD do
it can carry 1 Hydrogen ion and 2 electrons, becoming NADH and then drops them off and becomes NAD again
What does Coenzyme FAD do
it can carry 2 Hydrogen ion and 2 electrons, becoming FADH2 and then drops them off and becomes FAD again
What does Coenzyme CoA do
it can carry an acetyl group, a breakdownn product of glucose, to form Acetyl-CoA
What vitamin are coenzymes formed from
Vitamin B
These can “catch” and release H+ and act as an enzyme helper during glucose metabolism
Coenzyme
_______ is the process of making ATP through the breakdown of glucose.
Cellular respiration
Cells can use the ______ energy stored in ATP to drive chemical reactions and processes
potential
What is the equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H2O +ATP + Heat
Which organelle does cellular respiratoin take place
Mitochondria
Does cellular respiration occur in animas, plants, fungi, or bacteria?
all
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration coupled/dependent on eachother
Cellular respiration produces CO2 and water which is needed for photosynthesis and photosynthesis makes O2 and glucose that is needed for cellular respiration
What is an autotroph? Example?
Makes their own food; plants
What is an heterotroph? Example?
Consumes food; animals
Which needs oxygen; anearobic or aerobic
Aerobic
Why is the third (terminal, outermost) phosphate bond in ATP important
it stores energy and when the cell needs energy the bond is broken via hydrolosis which releases energy
why must the energy in glucose be transferred into ATP in order for the cell to use it
Because ATP is the primary energy of the cell and is directly usable to perform work and cellular functions
Cellular respiration consumes _____ based fuels (sugar, protein, fats) from the environment
carbon-based
In cellular respiration, energy is released from the breakdown of fuel is captured and stored in____
ATP
Cellular respiration takes in ___ from the envrionment and releases ____ and ____ as waste
Takes Oxygen, releases CO2 and H2O
What is the first step of cellular respiration
Glucolosis
What is the second step of cellular respiration
Acetyl-CoA Formation
What is the thrid step of cellular respiration
Citric Acid/Krebs cycle
What is the fourth step of cellular respiration
Oxidative phospoilation (Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis
Where does Glycolosis Occur?
Cytoplasm
Is glycolosis anaerobic or aerobic
anarobic
What is the input for glycolosis
1 glucose
What is the output for glycolosis
2 pyruvate off the end
2 ATP and 2NADH off the sides
Glyolosis: location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end
Cytoplasm
Anarobic
Glucose in
2 Pyruvate off the end
2 ATP and 2NADH off the side
Where does Acetyl CoA Formation Occur?
Mitochondria Matrix
Is Acetyl CoA Formation anaerobic or aerobic
Aerobic
What is the input for Acetyl CoA Formation
2 pyuvate
What is the output for Acetyl CoA Formation
2 Acetyl CoA off end
2 CO2
2 NADH
Acetyl CoA Formation: location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end
Mitochondria Matrix
Aerobic
2 pyuvate in
2 Acetyl CoA off end
2 CO2 and 2NADH off sides
For every one glucose, how many pyruvates are formed
2
For every one glucose, how many acetyl-CoA are formed
2
Since pyruvate has 3 carbons, and the acetyl group has 2 carbons, where does the extra carbon go
CO2
What is the first step to make CO2
Acetyl-CoA formation
What is responisble for bringing Acetyl CoA to the Citric Acid Cycle
CoA
Where does the citric acid cycle Occur?
Mitochondria Matrix
Is the citric acid cycle anaerobic or aerobic
Aerobic
What is the input for the citric acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA
What is the output for the citric acid cycle
O6 off end
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 4CO2 off sides
citric acid cycle : location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end
Mitochondria Matrix
Aerobic
Acetyl-CoA
“O6 off end
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 4CO2 off sides”
2 Acetyl groups = __ turns of the citric acid cycle
2
What step creates the most CO2
Citric Acid/Krebs
What does 1 turn of the citric acid cycle produce
3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2
For every 1 glucose, how many acetyl CoA will enter the citric acid cycle
2
How many CO2 will be formed if 2 acetyl groups are completely broken down
4CO2
How many ATP are formed durign the citric acid cycle
2 ATP
After which step have all 6 carbons been lost to CO2
Citric Acid
Where does the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis Occur?
Inner mitochondria membrane
Is the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis anaerobic or aerobic
Aerobic
What is the input for the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis
all outputs previously listed (4ATP, 6CO2, 10NADH, 2FADH2)
What is the output for the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis
10NAD, 2FAD, h+ sides
28 ATP, 6 H2O end
electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis: location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end
Inner mitochondria membrane
Aerobic
all outputs previously listed (4ATP, 6CO2, 10NADH, 2FADH2) in
10NAD, 2FAD, h+ sides
28 ATP, 6 H2O end
Chemiosmosis uses the ________________ formed via the __________ to create ATP
H+ Concentration form via the Electron transport chain
Moving down the gradient, H+ are allowed to move back into the mitochondrial Matrix through a special H+ enzyme channel called _______
ATP synthase
What is the final electron acceptor? why is it called this
O2; it picks up the remaking electrons and H+ to form water at the end of cellular respiration
How many ATP are formed from 1 NADH
3
how many ATP are formed from 1 FADH2
2
if oxygen is not present, what are the 2 pyruvate from glycolosis transformed into
ethanol or lactic acid
Where does anaerobic resperation occur in the cell
cytoplasm
What organism does lactic acid fermantation take place
animal muscle cells when excersizing
what are the products of lactic acid fermination
2 lactates + 2 ATP
what are the products of alcholic fermination
2 ethanol + 2ATP + 2CO2
What organism does alcoholic fermentation occur
year and select bacteria
What is the imporatnce of NAD and FAD? Why is it important for NADH and FADH to be converted back?
it transports H+ and e- throughout the processes of cellular respiration
it is important it is converted so that it can go pick up more H+ and e- to keep to proccess moving
How does the ETC and chemiosmosis work together? what is the result
ETC creates a high gradient that is used in the atp synthesis pump in chemiosmosis to make ATP
List the steps of cellular respiration in order
Glycolosis, pyruvate oxidation (Acteyl-CoA formation), Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain (Oxidative Phosphoilation)
Why is oxygen important
It is required for the steps of cellular respiration (after glycolosis) and is the final electron acceptor
Where in the cell does each phase of cellular respiration occur
glycolosis: Cytoplasm
Acetyl CoA & Citric Acid: Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Trasport Chain: Inner membrane
what are teh final products of cellular respiration
32A ATP, 6CO2, 6 H2O, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
How much ATP is made in each phase? what is the total count?
Gly 2
Acetyl CoA:0
Krebs: 2
ETC: 28
Total: 32
ow much CO2 is made in each phase? what is the total count?
Gly: 0
Acetyl CoA: 2
Krebs: 4
ETC: 0
Total: 6
how much NADH is made in each phase? what is the total count?
Gly: 2
Acetyl CoA: 2
Krebs: 6
ETC: 0
Total: 10
How much FADH is made in each phase? what is the total count?
Gly: 0
Acetyl CoA: 0
Krebs: 2
ETC: 0
Total: 2
What are the Reactants and products of fermentation? How many ATP
1 Glucose = 2 Lactate
1 Glucose = 2 Ethonol = 2CO2
2 ATP each
Why are muscles sore after strenious exercise
Lactic acid from lactic fermentation
What step is common in both cellular respiration and fermentation
Glycolosis
What is the function of coenzyme A (CoA)
it makes Acetyl CoA by attaching to acetyl group…. carries the acetyl group from Acetyl CoA Formation step to the Kreb cycle
When is fermenation benefitial for humans?
while working out, it allows us to function with less oxygen
Approximately how much ATP does cellular respiration net? Fermentation?
CR: 32
Ferm: 2
