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Su24 > Bio Ch 6 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a reactant of cellular respiration?,

A

Oxygen and Glucose

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2
Q

is cellular respiration an exothermic reaction.,

A

yes

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3
Q

T/F
Heat is produced during cellular respiration because no energy exchange is 100% efficient.
This is an example of the second law of thermodynamics.,

A

TRUE

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4
Q

T/F cellular respiration would be an anabolic reaction.,

A

FALSE

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5
Q

Choose ALL of the following which are products of cellular respiration:,

A

CO2, Water, ATP, heat

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6
Q

Which organelle is most involved in cellular respiration?,

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

T/F If a cell is making ATP under conditions where oxygen is absent, it is considered aerobic.,

A

FALSE

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8
Q

For every one glucose molecule: how many pyruvate are formed?,

A

2

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9
Q

For every one glucose molecule: how many acetylCoA are formed?,

A

2

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10
Q

How many CO2 will be formed if two acetyl groups go through the citric acid cycle?,

A

4

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11
Q

How many ATP will be formed if two acetyl groups go through the citric acid cycle?,

A

2

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12
Q

How many CO2 will be formed if one acetyl group goes through the citric acid cycle?,

A

2

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13
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?,

A

Mitochondria Matrix

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14
Q

Where in the cell does Glycolysis happen?,

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Where in the cell does the Electron Transport Chain occur?,

A

Mitochondria Cristae

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16
Q

If 20 NADH molecules enter the ETC, how many ATP would result?,

A

60

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17
Q

If 20 FADH2 molecules enter the ETC, how many ATP would result?,

A

40

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18
Q

Which produces more ATP: Anaerobic or aerobic

A

aerobic

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19
Q

Does the ETC need O2

A

yes

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20
Q

T/F If O2 is not present, the citric acid cycle can still occur.,

A

FALSE

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21
Q

T/F If O2 is not present, glycolysis can still occur.,

A

TRUE

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22
Q

_NADH molecules are produced from two acetylCoA molecules during the citric acid cycle

A

6

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23
Q

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis

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24
Q

During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria will be generated by __________________ and used primarily for _________________.

A

the electron transport chain . . . ATP synthesis

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25
Q

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs in the intermembrane space?

A

pH of the intermembrane space drops

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26
Q

All of the following substances can be produced under anaerobic conditions except
NADH.
ATP.
lactate.
acetyl CoA.
pyruvate.

A

acetyl CoA

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27
Q

T/F Energy for all life processes is derived directly or indirectly from the sun.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized into ______ prior to the citric acid cycle.

A

Acetyl CoA

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29
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized into Acetyl CoA prior to the _________________

A

citric acid cycle.

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30
Q

Fermentation is an ________ way of harvesting energy

A

Anaerobic

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31
Q

Which of the following can be broken down during cellular respiration to make ATP?
proteins.
lipids.
saccharides.

A

all

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32
Q

T/F Humans can use lactic acid and alcohol fermentation to generate small amounts of ATP anaerobically.

A

FALSE

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33
Q

Which of the following is not involved in cellular respiration?
glycolysis
fermentation
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmosis

A

fermentation

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34
Q

T/F ATP is produced and used continuously in all active cells.

A

TRUE

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35
Q

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is

A

oxygen

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36
Q

Animals store most of their energy reserves as _____.

A

fats

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37
Q

Glycolysis is a(n) __________ reaction.
endothermic (anabolic)
exergonic (catabolic)
abnormal
endergonic (anabolic)
unregulated

A

exergonic (catabolic)

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38
Q

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

A

The inner membrane space

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39
Q

Where is pyruvate formed?

A

in the cytoplasm

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40
Q

Most CO2 is released during

A

the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs).

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41
Q

T/F? NADH –> NAD+ is a reduction.

A

FALSE

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42
Q

All of the following statements about glycolysis are true except:

  • Glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2.
  • The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O.
  • Glycolysis makes ATP
  • Glycolysis has steps involving phosphorylation.
  • The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
A

The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O

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43
Q

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

A

In the Inner Membrane

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44
Q

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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45
Q

Which molecule(s) enter electron transport?
-ATP.
-CO2.
-Acetyl CoA.
-FADH2 and NADH.
-Glucose

A

FADH2 and NADH.

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46
Q

What is Oxygens primary role in cellular respiration?

A

Act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

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47
Q

How many ATP molecules (net) are produced by glycolysis?

A

2

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48
Q

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another is called a _________

A

redox reaction.

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49
Q

T/F? All organisms produce heat during their metabolic processes.

A

TRUE

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50
Q

Which is important for chemiosmosis?

A

A difference of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane and the enzyme ATPsynthase.

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51
Q

When NAD+ –> NADH it is said to be ______

A

Reduced

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52
Q

What does Coenzyme NAD do

A

it can carry 1 Hydrogen ion and 2 electrons, becoming NADH and then drops them off and becomes NAD again

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53
Q

What does Coenzyme FAD do

A

it can carry 2 Hydrogen ion and 2 electrons, becoming FADH2 and then drops them off and becomes FAD again

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54
Q

What does Coenzyme CoA do

A

it can carry an acetyl group, a breakdownn product of glucose, to form Acetyl-CoA

55
Q

What vitamin are coenzymes formed from

A

Vitamin B

56
Q

These can “catch” and release H+ and act as an enzyme helper during glucose metabolism

A

Coenzyme

57
Q

_______ is the process of making ATP through the breakdown of glucose.

A

Cellular respiration

58
Q

Cells can use the ______ energy stored in ATP to drive chemical reactions and processes

A

potential

59
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H2O +ATP + Heat

60
Q

Which organelle does cellular respiratoin take place

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

Does cellular respiration occur in animas, plants, fungi, or bacteria?

A

all

62
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration coupled/dependent on eachother

A

Cellular respiration produces CO2 and water which is needed for photosynthesis and photosynthesis makes O2 and glucose that is needed for cellular respiration

63
Q

What is an autotroph? Example?

A

Makes their own food; plants

64
Q

What is an heterotroph? Example?

A

Consumes food; animals

65
Q

Which needs oxygen; anearobic or aerobic

A

Aerobic

66
Q

Why is the third (terminal, outermost) phosphate bond in ATP important

A

it stores energy and when the cell needs energy the bond is broken via hydrolosis which releases energy

67
Q

why must the energy in glucose be transferred into ATP in order for the cell to use it

A

Because ATP is the primary energy of the cell and is directly usable to perform work and cellular functions

68
Q

Cellular respiration consumes _____ based fuels (sugar, protein, fats) from the environment

A

carbon-based

69
Q

In cellular respiration, energy is released from the breakdown of fuel is captured and stored in____

A

ATP

70
Q

Cellular respiration takes in ___ from the envrionment and releases ____ and ____ as waste

A

Takes Oxygen, releases CO2 and H2O

71
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration

A

Glucolosis

72
Q

What is the second step of cellular respiration

A

Acetyl-CoA Formation

73
Q

What is the thrid step of cellular respiration

A

Citric Acid/Krebs cycle

74
Q

What is the fourth step of cellular respiration

A

Oxidative phospoilation (Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis

75
Q

Where does Glycolosis Occur?

A

Cytoplasm

76
Q

Is glycolosis anaerobic or aerobic

A

anarobic

77
Q

What is the input for glycolosis

A

1 glucose

78
Q

What is the output for glycolosis

A

2 pyruvate off the end
2 ATP and 2NADH off the sides

79
Q

Glyolosis: location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end

A

Cytoplasm
Anarobic
Glucose in
2 Pyruvate off the end
2 ATP and 2NADH off the side

80
Q

Where does Acetyl CoA Formation Occur?

A

Mitochondria Matrix

81
Q

Is Acetyl CoA Formation anaerobic or aerobic

A

Aerobic

82
Q

What is the input for Acetyl CoA Formation

A

2 pyuvate

83
Q

What is the output for Acetyl CoA Formation

A

2 Acetyl CoA off end
2 CO2
2 NADH

84
Q

Acetyl CoA Formation: location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end

A

Mitochondria Matrix
Aerobic
2 pyuvate in
2 Acetyl CoA off end
2 CO2 and 2NADH off sides

85
Q

For every one glucose, how many pyruvates are formed

A

2

86
Q

For every one glucose, how many acetyl-CoA are formed

A

2

87
Q

Since pyruvate has 3 carbons, and the acetyl group has 2 carbons, where does the extra carbon go

A

CO2

88
Q

What is the first step to make CO2

A

Acetyl-CoA formation

89
Q

What is responisble for bringing Acetyl CoA to the Citric Acid Cycle

A

CoA

90
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle Occur?

A

Mitochondria Matrix

91
Q

Is the citric acid cycle anaerobic or aerobic

A

Aerobic

92
Q

What is the input for the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA

93
Q

What is the output for the citric acid cycle

A

O6 off end
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 4CO2 off sides

94
Q

citric acid cycle : location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end

A

Mitochondria Matrix
Aerobic
Acetyl-CoA
“O6 off end
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 4CO2 off sides”

95
Q

2 Acetyl groups = __ turns of the citric acid cycle

A

2

96
Q

What step creates the most CO2

A

Citric Acid/Krebs

97
Q

What does 1 turn of the citric acid cycle produce

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2

98
Q

For every 1 glucose, how many acetyl CoA will enter the citric acid cycle

A

2

99
Q

How many CO2 will be formed if 2 acetyl groups are completely broken down

A

4CO2

100
Q

How many ATP are formed durign the citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP

101
Q

After which step have all 6 carbons been lost to CO2

A

Citric Acid

102
Q

Where does the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis Occur?

A

Inner mitochondria membrane

103
Q

Is the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis anaerobic or aerobic

A

Aerobic

104
Q

What is the input for the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis

A

all outputs previously listed (4ATP, 6CO2, 10NADH, 2FADH2)

105
Q

What is the output for the electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis

A

10NAD, 2FAD, h+ sides
28 ATP, 6 H2O end

106
Q

electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis: location, aerobic/anaerobic, Input, sides, end

A

Inner mitochondria membrane
Aerobic
all outputs previously listed (4ATP, 6CO2, 10NADH, 2FADH2) in
10NAD, 2FAD, h+ sides
28 ATP, 6 H2O end

107
Q

Chemiosmosis uses the ________________ formed via the __________ to create ATP

A

H+ Concentration form via the Electron transport chain

108
Q

Moving down the gradient, H+ are allowed to move back into the mitochondrial Matrix through a special H+ enzyme channel called _______

A

ATP synthase

109
Q

What is the final electron acceptor? why is it called this

A

O2; it picks up the remaking electrons and H+ to form water at the end of cellular respiration

110
Q

How many ATP are formed from 1 NADH

A

3

111
Q

how many ATP are formed from 1 FADH2

A

2

112
Q

if oxygen is not present, what are the 2 pyruvate from glycolosis transformed into

A

ethanol or lactic acid

113
Q

Where does anaerobic resperation occur in the cell

A

cytoplasm

114
Q

What organism does lactic acid fermantation take place

A

animal muscle cells when excersizing

115
Q

what are the products of lactic acid fermination

A

2 lactates + 2 ATP

116
Q

what are the products of alcholic fermination

A

2 ethanol + 2ATP + 2CO2

117
Q

What organism does alcoholic fermentation occur

A

year and select bacteria

118
Q

What is the imporatnce of NAD and FAD? Why is it important for NADH and FADH to be converted back?

A

it transports H+ and e- throughout the processes of cellular respiration
it is important it is converted so that it can go pick up more H+ and e- to keep to proccess moving

119
Q

How does the ETC and chemiosmosis work together? what is the result

A

ETC creates a high gradient that is used in the atp synthesis pump in chemiosmosis to make ATP

120
Q

List the steps of cellular respiration in order

A

Glycolosis, pyruvate oxidation (Acteyl-CoA formation), Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain (Oxidative Phosphoilation)

121
Q

Why is oxygen important

A

It is required for the steps of cellular respiration (after glycolosis) and is the final electron acceptor

122
Q

Where in the cell does each phase of cellular respiration occur

A

glycolosis: Cytoplasm
Acetyl CoA & Citric Acid: Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Trasport Chain: Inner membrane

123
Q

what are teh final products of cellular respiration

A

32A ATP, 6CO2, 6 H2O, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

124
Q

How much ATP is made in each phase? what is the total count?

A

Gly 2
Acetyl CoA:0
Krebs: 2
ETC: 28
Total: 32

125
Q

ow much CO2 is made in each phase? what is the total count?

A

Gly: 0
Acetyl CoA: 2
Krebs: 4
ETC: 0
Total: 6

126
Q

how much NADH is made in each phase? what is the total count?

A

Gly: 2
Acetyl CoA: 2
Krebs: 6
ETC: 0
Total: 10

127
Q

How much FADH is made in each phase? what is the total count?

A

Gly: 0
Acetyl CoA: 0
Krebs: 2
ETC: 0
Total: 2

128
Q

What are the Reactants and products of fermentation? How many ATP

A

1 Glucose = 2 Lactate
1 Glucose = 2 Ethonol = 2CO2
2 ATP each

129
Q

Why are muscles sore after strenious exercise

A

Lactic acid from lactic fermentation

130
Q

What step is common in both cellular respiration and fermentation

A

Glycolosis

131
Q

What is the function of coenzyme A (CoA)

A

it makes Acetyl CoA by attaching to acetyl group…. carries the acetyl group from Acetyl CoA Formation step to the Kreb cycle

132
Q

When is fermenation benefitial for humans?

A

while working out, it allows us to function with less oxygen

133
Q

Approximately how much ATP does cellular respiration net? Fermentation?

A

CR: 32
Ferm: 2

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