Lab Summary Qu- Final Flashcards
What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of interphase?,
high metabolic rate
What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of prophase
centrioles seperate to pole
What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of metaphase
align on metaphase plate
What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of anaphase
elongation begins
What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of telophase
envelope + nucleious begin to reform
During which phases is the nuclear envelope observed
telophase and interphase
During which phases are DNA copies observed
interphase
During which phase is a mitotic spindle observed
prophase
during which phase are there visible chromosomes
prophase
During which phases are centrioles observed
prohase/metaphase
During which phase is a cleavage furrow visible
telophase
when does cytokinesis begin
anaphase
how many centrosomes are present in metaphase
2
How many chromosomes are in each step of mitosis
Inter: 46
Pro: 46
Meta: 46
Ana: 92
Telo: 92
Daugthers: 46
what phase has the longest duration and how did you determine it
interphase, the most amount of cells are in this phase
Which phase has the shortest duration and explain how you determine this? why is this the shortest
Metaphase, least amt of cells in phase, not alot of things required
Name 3 types of animal body cells that do not divide
Neurons, RBC, and heart
3 reasons cells undergo mitosis
growth/Development, replcate cells, asexual reproduciton
Explain why colchicine is used when creating a karyotype
posions mitotic spindle
Name the human condition that happens when there is an extra chromosome. how many chromosomes will the zygote have.
Trisomy 21, Downs, 47 chrom
What is the outcome of nondisjunction for one pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. Whill an moral gametes result?
All would be abnormal, 3,3,1,1
What is the outcome of nondisjunction for one pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis II. Whill an moral gametes result?
Half would be normal, half would be abnormal, 2,2,3,1
Explain wy having too many or too few normal genes might create a disorder?
disrupts normal cellular processes, leading to various genetic disorders
The strawberry cell has seven octoploid chromosomes per cell. how many chroms does it have per cell
56
Describe the sequence of steps used in DNA extraction to extract and isolate DNA fro strawberry cells
Mix and strain solution and then add soap, rest, then add tenderizer, rest, add alcohol, rest, swab DNA
The cell wall of plant cells is tough and must be disrupted during the DNA isolation procedure. How did we disrupt it?
Blender
How does detergent facilitate the extraction of DNA from eukaryotic cells
it disrupts the lipid bilayer of the nulcear membrane
Nucleic acids form a solid precipiate wen place into cold alcohol. Desrcribe how this property of nucleic acids can be used in the extraction of DNA/RNA
it allows it to rise to the top so it is easily accessible
What is the complementary mRNA stand to the DNA Strand ACCTGTACGTGCA
UGGACAUGCACGU
What are anticodons
Anticodons are the first three amino acids on a tRNA strand, or the opposite letters from the codon. Complementary to codon strand.
List the amino acid sequence specified by the DNA strand utilized in exercise 16
Val-gly-lle
List some general functions of proteins
Structure, enzymes, transport, and defense.
name the basic unit (monomer) of a protein
Amino acid
What is the number of different amino acids common to most living organism
20
What are some structural differences btw DNA and RNA
DNA is 2 strands, RNA is 1. DNA is deoxyribose, RNA is oxyribose. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.
were in the cell is mRNA transcribed in animal cells
mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus
Where in the cell does translation occur in plant cells
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Before incubating the samples, were there any visible changes to the contents of the tubes containing the DNA samples? What about after the restriction digest
No, there were no visible changes before. There was still no difference after adding the enzyme or the loading dye.
Is it possible to see the DNA fragments after incubation? how can you test that they are there?
no, you must inspect it under a UV light
the electrophoresis chamber creates an electrical field, with a positive and negative charge at either end of the gel. To which end of the gel would you expect DNA to migrate? WHy?
because it is negative charged, when an electric current it applied, you can expect DNA to migrate towards the postivie end
Which color electrical lead represents the positive pole? negitive?
Red is positive, blue is negative.
What do you think would happen if the electrical leads were plugged in the wrong way? (pos to neg)
Then there would be electric shocks
Which fragment (large or small)would travel the longest distance from the well? explain.
Smallest molecules because there is less friction between them and the gels as they travel.
What can you assume is within each band
DNA
What caused the DNA to become fragmented
The restriction enzymes that hydrolyze (cut) the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. The line represents the bonds that are broken by the enzyme.
Based on your analysis of the electrophoresis data, which ‘suspect’ is most likely tied to the crime scene
Suspect number 2, because the breaks are identical to the crime scene.
Other than in forensic analysis an paternity testing, what are 3 other applications of restriction digest or gell electrophoresis
Genetic disorder testing, organism identification, and virus comparison
What sequence did EcoRI cut the DNA at?
GAATTC
What sequence did PstI cut the DNA at?
CTGCAG
