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Su24 > Bio Lab Final - Exam review > Flashcards

Bio Lab Final - Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Which phase do cells spend the longest time in? how do you determine this

A

interphase, most cells are in this phase

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2
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: # of cell divisions

A

Mitosis: 1
Meiosis: 2

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3
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis:# of Daughter cells

A

Mitosis: 2
Meiosis: 4

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4
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: New combos of genes in daughter cell?

A

Mitosis: n
Meiosis: y

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5
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Daughter cells identical to parent?

A

Mitosis: y
Meiosis: n

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6
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: # of chroms in each daughter cell

A

Mitosis: 46
Meiosis: 23

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7
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Haploid or diploid?

A

Mitosis: 2 diploid
Meiosis: 4 haploid

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8
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Spinble fibers and pole used to separate chroms?

A

Mitosis: y
Meiosis: y

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9
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Cells of organism they occur

A

Mitosis: Body
Meiosis: Ovaries/testes

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10
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Used for sexual reproduction

A

Mitosis: N
Meiosis: Y

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11
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: # of times the DNA is duplicated during interphase

A

Mitosis: 1
Meiosis: 1

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12
Q

Cats have a diplod number of 38 including 2 sex chroms.
Haploid #
Pairs
# of sisters after interphase
# of Tetrads after prophase and metaphase 1
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 1
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 2
# of chroms in each zygote after fertilization

A

Haploid: 19
Pairs: 19
# of sisters after interphase: 76
# of Tetrads after prophase and metaphase 1: 19
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 1: 38
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 2: 19
# of chroms in each zygote after fertilization: 38

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13
Q

Cats have a diplod number of 64 including 2 sex chroms.
Haploid #
Pairs
# of sisters after interphase
# of Tetrads after prophase and metaphase 1
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 1
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 2
# of chroms in each zygote after fertilization

A

Haploid: 32
Pairs: 32
# of sisters after interphase: 128
# of Tetrads after prophase and metaphase 1: 32
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 1: 64
# of sis in each daughter after meiosis 2: 32
# of chroms in each zygote after fertilization: 64

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14
Q

what is nondisjunction and what are the different results that can occur

A

Nondisjunction is when homologous pairs (tetrads) or sister chromatids fail to separate compleyely in anaphase. If this happens in meiosis 1, you will have all 4 daughter cells with incorrect numbers of chromosomes. In meiosis 2, only 2 of the cells will have incorrect numbers.

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15
Q

Normal male/female karyotype

A

Male: XY
Female: XX

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16
Q

Klinfelter syndrom karyotype

A

XXY (extra X chromosome on male)

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17
Q

Down syndrome karyotype

A

Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome on 21st)

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18
Q

Metafemale karyotype

A

XXX (extra X on female)

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19
Q

Turner syndrome karyotype

A

XO (missing X on female)

20
Q

Jacobs syndrom karyotype

A

XYY (extra Y on male)

21
Q

Metacentric cetromere

A

When the centromere is in the middle of the chromosome. Arms of chromosome are approximately the same length.

22
Q

submetacentric cetromere

A

When the centromere lies off-center on the chromosome. Set of shorter arms labeled p and set of long arms is labled q

23
Q

acrocentric cetromere

A

When the centrosome lies on the to pof the chromosome so that the petite arm (shorter arm/p) is very short.

24
Q

Punnett square for Pp + pp
P= brown eyes
p= blue eyes
Find: genotype, phenotype, and gametes
%

A

Geno: Pp and pp
Pheno: Brown and blue
Gametes: P, p and p, p
50/50

25
Q

Punnett square for PPTT +pptt
P= brown eyes
p= blue eyes
T=brown hair
t= red hair
Find: genotype, phenotype, and gametes
%

A

Geno: PPTT and pptt
Pheno: Brown eyes/brown hair and blue eyes/red hair
Gametes: PT, PT, PT, PT and pt, pt, pt, pt
100% PpTt

26
Q

What is Homogenization?

A

1st Step of DNA extraction: Releases DNA from the nucleus by breaking the cell membranes. Result is a slurry called lysate. Mechanical breakdown of cells done with blender. Chemical breakdown of cell is done by adding detergent to emulsigy the lipids

27
Q

What is Deproteinization?

A

2nd Step of DNA extraction: This digests the histone proteins bound to DNA. Protease from the meat tenderizer is used to do so. Another example of a protease is papain from papaya.

28
Q

What is Precipitation?

A

3rd step of DNA extraction: Necessary to clump together the DNA molecules. The salt is added and helps this by binding to and shielding negative charges of the phosphate group. Rubbing alcohol added to the homogenate last so that the DNA precipitates into the alcohol. The colder the alcohol, the less soluble the DNA so it is easier to collect.

29
Q

What was used in DNA extraction to remove proteins?

A

The meat tenderizer

30
Q

What was used to break down cell walls, membranes, and nuclear envelopes in DNA extraction

A

Mechanical breakdown was done by the blender, and chemichal breakdown was done by adding in detergent.

31
Q

Why did alcohol have to be cold in DNA extraction? Why was it used?

A

Because the colder the alcohol, the less soluble the DNA is so it is easier to collect it at the end. It was used to make the DNA precipitate into the alcohol.

32
Q

Why was salt used in DNA extraction

A

Salt was used to help the hemogenate begin to precipitate by binding to and shielding negative charges of the phosphate group. It neutralizes the DNA’s charge.

33
Q

Which micropipette is used for what amount? why

A

Because you want to be able to obtain a very small amount of a liquid with precision and accuracy.

34
Q

What direction do you read DNA

A

5’-3’ (5’ is the end that has a phosphate group)

35
Q

Translate DNA/RNA to amino acid sequence

A

You only translate the RNA strands. Take the first three letters and look at the cooresponding chart to find the amino acid.

36
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3’ end of the strand. It makes the complementary strand. It reads from 3’ to 5’ and writes from 5’ to 3’.

37
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

It is an enzyme that transcribes the information from the DNA template into mRNA inside the mucleus. mRNA is a single strand that leaves through nuclear pores.

38
Q

What is the function of rRNa (ribosome) in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

It acts as a platform for the ribosome, which gives a binding site for mRNA and tRNA molecules to carry amino acids. There are also regions of rRNA that directly participate in the chemical reactions that form the amino acids.

39
Q

What is the function of tRNA in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

tRNA is the translator RNA
anticodon

40
Q

What is the function of codon in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

Codons are base triplets on the mRNA strand. Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences

41
Q

What is the function of anticodon in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that is complementary to mRNA

42
Q

What is the function of mRNA in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences.
Single stranded and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
Sequential bases in mRNA form a codon

43
Q

What is the function of DNA in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

DNA stayes in the nucleus and is transcribed into mRNA that leaves the cell.

44
Q

What is the function of Amino acid/protein in DNA replication,transcription,&translation

A

When the DNA is fully copied, the amino acids (20 total) code for the shape and function of the proteins.

45
Q

Describe the processes of transcription and translation.

A

Transcription: Uses DNA to build RNA. (Both are nucleiuc acids). The major structure used here is RNA polymerase. It builds the RNA. Transcription happens in the nucleus. Direction of synthesis is 5’ –> 3’
Translation: Uses that RNA molecule to build a protein (changes from nucleic acid to amino acids) Major structure here is the ribosome, involved with building the protein. Translation happens in the cytoplasm. Direction of synthesis is the “N terminal” end (where the amino group is)

Su24 (20 decks)

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