Lab Notes Flashcards
What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle
Interphase (growing phase) and Mitosis (Dividing phase)
Eukaryotic cell division is more complex because of the presence of: (2)
nuclear membrane and chromatin structure
Mitosis allows eukaryotic organism:
replace cells and grow
Most of the life of a cell is spent in ___________
interphase (growing phase) and Mitosis (Dividing phase)
What are the 4 phases of interphase
G0: normal
G1: Rna and protein synthesis (For S phase)
S Phase; DNA replication
G2: Protein synthesis (for mitosis)
Why is it neccessary to duplicate the cells DNA? In which phase does this duplication occur
Duplicated so that each daugther cell has a set
Happens in S Phase of Interphase
Why must chromatin condense into chromosomes? In which phase does this occur?
Easier to split and manuver
In Prophase
Why does te nuclear membrane disappear during prophsae
Allows chromosomes to move through cell
What role do microtubules play in mitosis
They are attached in Metaphase and pull the chromatids to opposite poles in Anaphase
What difference do you see btw mitosis in a plant cell vs an animal cell
cell wall forms in telophase
Chromosomes are more spreadout in plant cells
Based on the percetage of cells in each phase, which phase takes the longest
Interphase
Based on the percetage of cells in each phase, which phase takes the shortest amount of time
metaphase
what are the kinetochore
where the spindles attach to the chromosomes
What is a homologous chromomes
Same chromosomes from each maternal-paternal pair that contain similar versions of the same genes
What is the genetic makeup, which gender does it affect, and general Characteristics :
Downs
Klinefelter
Jacobs
Metafemale
Turner
Downs: Extra 21, M/F, shorter stature and lifespan
Klinefelter: XXY, M, Sterile and brest enlargement
Jacobs: XYY, M, Agressive and tall
Metafemale: XXX, F, Normal, possible learning deficit
Turner: XO, F, Shorter, Web-neck
what is teh study of chromosomes, chromosomal abnormalities, and related diseases
Cytogenetics
What is a karyotype
an ordeed visual display of chromsomes from an individual somatic cells
What is the visualization of the condensed, stained chromosomes called
metaphase spread
Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric
Meta: middle of the chromosome
Submeta: Below the middle
Acrocentric: Above the middle
___________ Uses living organisms to make/modify specific products for industrial or manufacturing use
biotechnology
What does octoploid mean
they have 8 copies of each of their seven chromsosomes in every cell
(EX: Strawberries)
What are teh 3 steps to DNA Extraction
Homogenization
Deprotienization
Precipitation
Homogenization (2 points)
Releases DNA from the nucleus by breaking the cell membrane
Creates a slurry called Lysate
What are teh 2 types of homogenizatoin
Mechanical (blender) and chemical (detergent)
Deproteinization (3 points)
digests the histone proteins
done via protease in meat tenderizer
Common proteases are found in pineapple, papain, and papaya
Precipitation
Clumps molecules together
Done via salt that binds and shields the neg charges of the phosphate groups
ice-cold alcohol is added so that the DNA precipitates
the colder the less soluble the DNA
Order of ingredients in DNA Extraction lab
Strawberries, salt, water, (strain), soap, (sit), meat tenderizer, ice-cold alcohol
what tool is commonly used in lab settings to obtain very small volumes of certain liquids with accuracy and precision
micropipettes
What measurments do micropipettes use
microliter
Microtiter plate
the well plate you pipette into
DNA is made of a linear sequence of _______________________
4 nucleotide monomers
Each nucleotide is made of ______, _____, _______
sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
A covalent bond links nucleotide to nucleotide to form a ____________________
nucleic acid polymer
What occurs when a copy of each strand is synthesized in the nucleus
DNA replication
What unwinds the helix
DNA helicase
What adds new nucleotide to the 3’ end of the molecule
DNA polymersase
Reads ____ to ____
Writes ____ to ____
How to know which end is which
Reads 3’ to 5’
Writes 5’ to 3’
5 is the end with an extra sugar
info is transcribed from DNA template to ______ in the ____, through the enzyme _______
mRNA, nucleus, RNA polymerase
What is teh difference btw DNA and mRNA
mRNA is single-stranded and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
DNA is double-stranded and doesn’t leave
mRNA has Uricil in place of Thymine
Transcribed from _____ to _______
Translated from _____ to ______
Transcribed from DNA to mRNA
Translated from mRNA to tRNA
mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a complex with a ribosome to ______ the mRNA sequence into the ________ of a protein
translate
amino acid sequence of a protein
_____ will bring individual amino acids as specifed by the mRNA sequence
tRNA
Thee sequential bases found in the tRNA are called an _______, complementary to the _____ on mRNA
Anticodon
codon
Amino acids of adjacnect tRNA molecules are connected together by a ________ to form the growing _________-
peptide bond
polypeptide
Transcribe: A T T C G A G G C A C G to mRNA and tRNA
og: A T T C G A G G C A C G
M: U A A G C U C C G U G C
T: A U U C G A G G C A C G
what color was each of the nitrogenous bases in exercise 16
G: Red
T: Blue
A: Green
C: Black
What are restriction enzymes
enzymes that hydrolyze (cut) DNA at specific nucleotide sequences called restriction sites
Digest the DNA strands into smaller fragments
what is the labtest that identifies an individual by their DNA
DNA Fingerprinting
in DNA Fingerprinting, the differences are visulized using _______-
gel electrophoresis
What is gel electrophoresis
a lab technique that separates DNA strands by molecular weight
electric current is used to cause DNA to migrate across gel since the backbone has a negitive charge
____ DNA fragments move faster than _____
Small travels faster than large
Which is done first: Electrophorisis or restriction digest
restriction digest
How much DNA sample, EcoRl/Pstl Enzyme mix is used in exercise 17
10 microliters each (20 total)
What temp were the samples incubated at
37 C
what must be added to the samples before they are placed on teh agrarose gel
Loading Dye
Who was the criminal in exercise 17
suspect 2
