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Su24 > Lab Notes > Flashcards

Lab Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase (growing phase) and Mitosis (Dividing phase)

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cell division is more complex because of the presence of: (2)

A

nuclear membrane and chromatin structure

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3
Q

Mitosis allows eukaryotic organism:

A

replace cells and grow

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4
Q

Most of the life of a cell is spent in ___________

A

interphase (growing phase) and Mitosis (Dividing phase)

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5
Q

What are the 4 phases of interphase

A

G0: normal
G1: Rna and protein synthesis (For S phase)
S Phase; DNA replication
G2: Protein synthesis (for mitosis)

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6
Q

Why is it neccessary to duplicate the cells DNA? In which phase does this duplication occur

A

Duplicated so that each daugther cell has a set
Happens in S Phase of Interphase

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7
Q

Why must chromatin condense into chromosomes? In which phase does this occur?

A

Easier to split and manuver
In Prophase

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8
Q

Why does te nuclear membrane disappear during prophsae

A

Allows chromosomes to move through cell

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9
Q

What role do microtubules play in mitosis

A

They are attached in Metaphase and pull the chromatids to opposite poles in Anaphase

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10
Q

What difference do you see btw mitosis in a plant cell vs an animal cell

A

cell wall forms in telophase
Chromosomes are more spreadout in plant cells

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11
Q

Based on the percetage of cells in each phase, which phase takes the longest

A

Interphase

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12
Q

Based on the percetage of cells in each phase, which phase takes the shortest amount of time

A

metaphase

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13
Q

what are the kinetochore

A

where the spindles attach to the chromosomes

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14
Q

What is a homologous chromomes

A

Same chromosomes from each maternal-paternal pair that contain similar versions of the same genes

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15
Q

What is the genetic makeup, which gender does it affect, and general Characteristics :
Downs
Klinefelter
Jacobs
Metafemale
Turner

A

Downs: Extra 21, M/F, shorter stature and lifespan
Klinefelter: XXY, M, Sterile and brest enlargement
Jacobs: XYY, M, Agressive and tall
Metafemale: XXX, F, Normal, possible learning deficit
Turner: XO, F, Shorter, Web-neck

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16
Q

what is teh study of chromosomes, chromosomal abnormalities, and related diseases

A

Cytogenetics

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17
Q

What is a karyotype

A

an ordeed visual display of chromsomes from an individual somatic cells

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18
Q

What is the visualization of the condensed, stained chromosomes called

A

metaphase spread

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19
Q

Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric

A

Meta: middle of the chromosome
Submeta: Below the middle
Acrocentric: Above the middle

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20
Q

___________ Uses living organisms to make/modify specific products for industrial or manufacturing use

A

biotechnology

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21
Q

What does octoploid mean

A

they have 8 copies of each of their seven chromsosomes in every cell
(EX: Strawberries)

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22
Q

What are teh 3 steps to DNA Extraction

A

Homogenization
Deprotienization
Precipitation

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23
Q

Homogenization (2 points)

A

Releases DNA from the nucleus by breaking the cell membrane
Creates a slurry called Lysate

24
Q

What are teh 2 types of homogenizatoin

A

Mechanical (blender) and chemical (detergent)

25
Q

Deproteinization (3 points)

A

digests the histone proteins
done via protease in meat tenderizer
Common proteases are found in pineapple, papain, and papaya

26
Q

Precipitation

A

Clumps molecules together
Done via salt that binds and shields the neg charges of the phosphate groups
ice-cold alcohol is added so that the DNA precipitates
the colder the less soluble the DNA

27
Q

Order of ingredients in DNA Extraction lab

A

Strawberries, salt, water, (strain), soap, (sit), meat tenderizer, ice-cold alcohol

28
Q

what tool is commonly used in lab settings to obtain very small volumes of certain liquids with accuracy and precision

A

micropipettes

29
Q

What measurments do micropipettes use

A

microliter

30
Q

Microtiter plate

A

the well plate you pipette into

31
Q

DNA is made of a linear sequence of _______________________

A

4 nucleotide monomers

32
Q

Each nucleotide is made of ______, _____, _______

A

sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

33
Q

A covalent bond links nucleotide to nucleotide to form a ____________________

A

nucleic acid polymer

34
Q

What occurs when a copy of each strand is synthesized in the nucleus

A

DNA replication

35
Q

What unwinds the helix

A

DNA helicase

36
Q

What adds new nucleotide to the 3’ end of the molecule

A

DNA polymersase

37
Q

Reads ____ to ____
Writes ____ to ____
How to know which end is which

A

Reads 3’ to 5’
Writes 5’ to 3’
5 is the end with an extra sugar

38
Q

info is transcribed from DNA template to ______ in the ____, through the enzyme _______

A

mRNA, nucleus, RNA polymerase

39
Q

What is teh difference btw DNA and mRNA

A

mRNA is single-stranded and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
DNA is double-stranded and doesn’t leave
mRNA has Uricil in place of Thymine

40
Q

Transcribed from _____ to _______
Translated from _____ to ______

A

Transcribed from DNA to mRNA
Translated from mRNA to tRNA

41
Q

mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a complex with a ribosome to ______ the mRNA sequence into the ________ of a protein

A

translate
amino acid sequence of a protein

42
Q

_____ will bring individual amino acids as specifed by the mRNA sequence

A

tRNA

43
Q

Thee sequential bases found in the tRNA are called an _______, complementary to the _____ on mRNA

A

Anticodon
codon

44
Q

Amino acids of adjacnect tRNA molecules are connected together by a ________ to form the growing _________-

A

peptide bond
polypeptide

45
Q

Transcribe: A T T C G A G G C A C G to mRNA and tRNA

A

og: A T T C G A G G C A C G
M: U A A G C U C C G U G C
T: A U U C G A G G C A C G

46
Q

what color was each of the nitrogenous bases in exercise 16

A

G: Red
T: Blue
A: Green
C: Black

47
Q

What are restriction enzymes

A

enzymes that hydrolyze (cut) DNA at specific nucleotide sequences called restriction sites
Digest the DNA strands into smaller fragments

48
Q

what is the labtest that identifies an individual by their DNA

A

DNA Fingerprinting

49
Q

in DNA Fingerprinting, the differences are visulized using _______-

A

gel electrophoresis

50
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

a lab technique that separates DNA strands by molecular weight
electric current is used to cause DNA to migrate across gel since the backbone has a negitive charge

51
Q

____ DNA fragments move faster than _____

A

Small travels faster than large

52
Q

Which is done first: Electrophorisis or restriction digest

A

restriction digest

53
Q

How much DNA sample, EcoRl/Pstl Enzyme mix is used in exercise 17

A

10 microliters each (20 total)

54
Q

What temp were the samples incubated at

A

37 C

55
Q

what must be added to the samples before they are placed on teh agrarose gel

A

Loading Dye

56
Q

Who was the criminal in exercise 17

A

suspect 2

Su24 (20 decks)

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