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Su24 > Lab Mid: Summary qu > Flashcards

Lab Mid: Summary qu Flashcards

1
Q

dr. smith wants to examine whether a new drug increases the maze running performance of older rats. Dr. Smith teaches two groups of older rats to find a piece of rat chow in the maze. One group of rats is given the new drug while they are learning the maze. The second group is not given the drug. One week after having learned the maze he retests the rats and recorders how long it takes them to find the rat chow. Write a hypothesis and identify the control, independent & dependent variable,

A

Hypoth: If given the new drug, the rats will have a have a higher maze running performace
IV: Drug presence
DV: maze running time
Control: Rats without the drug

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2
Q

How many times more or less H+ would be present in a solution with a pH of 8 vs. a pH of 5

A

x1000 less

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3
Q

How many times more or less H+ would be present in a solution with a pH of 2 vs. a pH of 4

A

x100 more

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4
Q

which household item has the highest pH

A

Amonia

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5
Q

Human blood has a pH of 7.35-7.45, Does this mean that human blood is slightly acidic or slightly basic

A

slightly basic

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6
Q

When lemon juice (an acid) is added to a buffer, the pH remained constant for some time. describe how the buffer was able to accomplish it

A

the base in the buffer abosorbed the H+ that was added

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7
Q

If ammonia was added to a buffer, describe what we might expect to observe in pH change

A

The pH would eventually begin to raise

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8
Q

Solution A has a pH of 6 while solution B has a pH of 2. This means that solution A has _______x fewer hydrogen ions than solution B

A

10,000x fewer

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9
Q

Solution C has a pH of 7, while solution D has a pH of 10. This means that solution D has ______x fewer hydrogen ions than solution C

A

1,000x fewer

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10
Q

When using benedicts reagent, what is indictated by a color change from blue to red/orange?

A

positive

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11
Q

what must be done to the test tubes containing the bendicts reagent and solutions before observing final color

A

it has to be boiling

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12
Q

Which test tube contained the highest amount of simple sugars in exercise 3

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Regarding the benedict’s test, which sample is the positive control and which sample is the negative control:
glucose, oil, or water

A

Neg: water
Pos: Oil

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14
Q

Which reagent is used to detect the presence of complex carbohydrates (starches) in a solution

A

Iodine-potassium Iodide

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15
Q

Regarding the test for complex carbohycrates (Exercise 3), which test tube is the positive control? Explain whether any of the remaining tubes may serve as a negative control
Potato flake, water, sucorse solution, glucose solution

A

Neg: water
Pos: Glucose
Since we know that the other are negative, we can use them as controls

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16
Q

Which reagent is used to detect proteins in a solution?

A

biurets reagent

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17
Q

Regarding the test for proteins in a solution, identify which samples are the positive control and the negative control:
Albumin, starch, water

A

Pos: Albumin
Neg: water

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18
Q

Explain why Sudan IV changes color when added to il, but not glucose. Which sample was the control?

A

Oil has lipids and glucose doesn’t. Oil was the control

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19
Q

Explain how to distinguid prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic are smaller, have a cell wall, and no mitochondria. They also have pilli and sometimes a capsule

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20
Q

Which cell was the only anucleate cell viewed? explain why it many be benefical for this cell type to lack a nucleus

A

The red blood cell is anucleate and lacking a nucleus allows them to have a concave shape and therefore higher surface area. It also allows the cell to carry more hemoglobin and therefore carry more oxygen

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21
Q

Describe what it means to say that a cell is squamous. how does the squamous shate relate to the function

A

flat cell, it allows the cell to cover a surface for protection

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22
Q

Explain why plant cells have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane while animal cells only have a membrane

A

For structure and support, it allows teh plant cell to have its rectangular shape

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23
Q

Explain how the structure of the neuron relates to its function of sending electrical signals

A

The “arms” on the star shaped cell helps it communicate with other cells easier

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24
Q

Human red blood cell size is abt 7.5um-8um. Human capillaries are abt 8um in size. Explain what these facts suggest abt the relationship btw structure and function of the red blood cell

A

Capillaries are extremely narrow, allowing only1 rbc at a time. The flexible biconcave shape of red blood cells enables them to squeeze through capillaries, facilitating efficient gas exchange. This ensures oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal

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25
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain DNA but lack a nucleus. Describe how a prokaryotic cell stores its DNA

A

it is stored in the nucleiod region as one long chromosone

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26
Q

Explain why sketetal muscle cells and sperm cells contain a very large number of mitochondria

A

They need alot of energy for alot of movement

27
Q

Explain why both mitochondria and chloroplast are found inside a plantcell

A

to make, store, and convert energy
mitochondria provide energy, while chloroplasts enable photosynthesis in plant cells

28
Q

Briefly describe how gram pos and gram neg cell walls differ structurally

A

The cell wall of gram pos has more peptidoglycan (90%) while the gram neg has less (20%) and a second outermembrane

29
Q

What color does crystal violent stain gram positive bacteria

A

purple

30
Q

What color does crystal violent stain gram neg bacteria

A

purple

31
Q

What color is gram positive bacteria after decolorization

A

purple

32
Q

What color is gram negitive bacteria after decolorization

A

clear

33
Q

What is the color of gram negative bacteria after the safranin counterstain

A

red

34
Q

What is the color of gram pos bacteria after the safranin counterstain

A

purple (it was not decolorized)

35
Q

What is the color of gram negative bacteria after using iodine mordant

A

purple

36
Q

Why would scientist perform a gram stain in the lab or clinical setting

A

to make sure a proposed antibiotic would be recepted to the bacteria since the cell membrane differs between the two

37
Q

What morphology did the gram positive bacterial have? what was the morphology of the gram negative bacteria

A

Pos: Round cluster: Staphylo coccus
neg: rod cluster: strepylo baccillis

38
Q

The bacteria used in Exercise 6 is staphylococcus epidermis and E. coli. Which was gram positive and which is gram negitive. What color was each after the staining process

A

Pos: staphylococcus epidermis; purple
Neg: E. Coli; red

39
Q

Describe the look of red blood cells when exposed to the isotonic solution, why do they look this way?

A

they appear normal, this is because this is the solution they prefer and have equal movement in and out of the cell

40
Q

Describe the look of red blood cells when exposed to the Hypertonic solution, why do they look this way?

A

they are shriveled (crenated) since the water is drawn out of the cell

41
Q

Describe the look of red blood cells when exposed to the Hypotonic solution, why do they look this way?

A

The cell is swollen since it absorbs the water and eventually lyses

42
Q

Explain what it means to say that a solute moves down the concentration gradient

A

it moves from high concentration to low concentration; if there is less concentration inside the cell (hypotonic) the solution outside is going to move to the lower concentration to reach equalibrium

43
Q

Predict what would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a 1.2% NaCl soltion (body is 0.9% NaCl)

A

It would shrink and crenate

44
Q

The isotonic glucose for red blood cells is 5%, what does this mean

A

there is a 5% concentration of glucose in the red blood cell

45
Q

What would happen to a red blood cell if it was placed into a 5% glucose solution (body is 5% glucose)

A

nothing, it is isotonic and at equalibrium

46
Q

Describe what would occur if a red blood cell was exposed to a 8% glucose solution

A

It would shrink and crenate

47
Q

What would happen to a flaccid potato strip if you were to place it inside a Petri dish containing pure water (0% NaCl) for 30 minutes

A

The cells would swell since there is a higher concentratoin of water outside

48
Q

Describe the difference between the size of the central vacuole in the Elodea cells in hypotonic solution vs. the Elodea cells in hypertonic

A

Elodea has a lager vacuole in the hypotonic soluton because it absorbs the water

49
Q

Did the entire elodea cell shrivel in the hypertonic solution? why or why not

A

yes, there was more solution outside

50
Q

What is the ‘optimal’ temp for catalase?

A

37 degrees celcius

51
Q

Explain the reaction rate you observed in ice water for exercise 8 (enzymes)

A

the reaction took slower to begin but then rapidly begain to react

52
Q

Explain the reaction rate you observed in 100 degree water for exercise 8 (enzymes)

A

The enzymes were denatured and therefore inactive

53
Q

Based on the rate of bubbling (oxygen produced), which tissue contained catalase?
Liver, potato, chicken, or apple

A

Liver

54
Q

What is the optimal pH for catalase

A

7

55
Q

Explain the effects of pH or temperature for catalase activity in bacteira

A

the catalyst will denature when heated or has a significant pH change

56
Q

What represents control in exercise 9
water, yeast, glucose, combonation

A

water

57
Q

What is the independent variables in exercise 9 (fermentation)

A

solution proportion

58
Q

What is the dependent variables in exercise 9 (fermentation)

A

Gas bubble height (CO2 output)

59
Q

If the parafiml was removed, would fermentation still occur?

A

no, oxygen inhibits fermentation, cells would take glucose to form ATP

60
Q

What ratio of water, yeast, and glucose resulted in the highest rate of fermentation (fermentation lab)

A

3w, 6y, 6g

61
Q

Which steps are common to both fermentation and cellular respiration? describe how the 2 processes can have common steps

A

Glycolosis is the first step before oxygen divides the two
Glycolosis is the only intake of energy for fermentation

62
Q

Which pathway (aerobic/anarobic) produces the most energy during the catabolism of glucose

A

aerobic

63
Q

Humans use mostly aerobic respiration. What is the advantage of aerobic respiration vs anaerobic

A

Aerobic produces more ATP (32 vs 2 in anaerobic)

Su24 (20 decks)

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