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Su24 > Lab Mid: Notes > Flashcards

Lab Mid: Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what causes surface tension of water,

A

attration of water molecules at the surface of the water

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2
Q

Which atom in water is positive? negitive?

A

H+, O-

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3
Q

What is pH the measure of

A

the acidity of the solution

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4
Q

Solutions with a pH lower than 7 are considered _____ while ones with greater pH are considered _______

A

acidic, basic

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5
Q

What do buffers do

A

Buffers help to maintain pH at a constant value in living organisms

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6
Q

What makes up a buffer

A

a weak acid and a weak base

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7
Q

What is a conjugate base

A

a base that is formed when an acid loses its H+ (H+ is the ‘acidic’ part of the molecule

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8
Q

What is a polymer composed of

A

monomers

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9
Q

What 4 classes of organic molecules make up most living organisms

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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10
Q

What are indicator solutions

A

solutions that will chance colors when a specific substance is detected

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11
Q

When a color reaction occurs in an indicator solution we call ths a ______ result

A

positive

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12
Q

When no color reaction occurs in an indicator solution we call ths a ______ result

A

negitive

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13
Q

If we include samples that we know will give a postive result we call it:

A

positive control

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14
Q

If we include samples that we know will give a negative result we call it:

A

negative control

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15
Q

__________ ________ tests for the presence of simple sugars or monosaccharides which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups

A

Benedicts reagent

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16
Q

What does benedicts reagent test for

A

the presence of simple sugars or monosaccharides which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups

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17
Q

What color represents a negative result in a benedicts reagent? positive?

A

neg: blue
Pos: reddish-orange

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18
Q

What kind of sugar will not cause a a color change with benedicts reagent

A

Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide and therefore will not prompt a positive result

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19
Q

___________ ____________ will detect large carbohydrates called staches

A

Iodine-Potassium Iodide (I2KI)

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20
Q

Iodine-Potassium Iodide (I2KI)

A

detects large carbohydrates called staches

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21
Q

What color represents a negative result in a Iodine-potassium iodide? positive?

A

Neg: amber/dark brown
Pos: black-blue color

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22
Q

______ _______ tests for the presence of peptide bonds in proteins

A

Biurets reagent

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23
Q

What does Biurets reagent test for

A

the presence of peptide bonds in proteins

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24
Q

What color represents a negative result in a biurets reagent? positive?

A

Neg: light blue
Pos: Darker purple

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25
Q

Will individual amino acids in the solution react positivly with Biurets reagent? why or why not

A

No, they are not attched to another amion acid by peptide bonds

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26
Q

______ __ tests for the presence of lipids

A

Sudan IV

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27
Q

What does Sudan IV

A

tests for the presence of lipids

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28
Q

What color represents a negative result in a Sudan IV? positive?

A

Neg: yellow-pink color
Pos: strong red

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29
Q

What is one function of red blood cells

A

transport O and nutrience through the body

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30
Q

What is one function of white blood cells

A

fighting bacteria and infection

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31
Q

What is unique about the structure of red blood cells relative to other eukaryotic cells?

A

it has no nucleus

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32
Q

What is unique about the nuclei seen in white blood cells

A

they are multilobed/segmented which makes it look like it has many under a microscope

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33
Q

What is the function of sketetal muscle cells?

A

Moving muscles (contracting)

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34
Q

How many nuclei do sketetal muscle cells have

A

many

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35
Q

Would you expect a skeletal muscle to produce alot fo protein? why or why not?

A

alot since it requires alot of movement and energy

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36
Q

would you expect a skeletal musecle cell to have more mitochondria than other cell types? why or why not?

A

More, it needs alot of energy

37
Q

What is unique about the function of sperm

A

meant for alot of movement and reproduction

38
Q

Which organelle can be seen on sperm that was not observed in previous cell types? why does it need this?

A

flagella, it needs it for quick movement

39
Q

Do spern have a nucleus? if so, where?

A

yes, in the head

40
Q

Whould you expect a sperm cell to have a relatively low or high number of mitochondria compared to other cells

A

high, it requires alot of movement

41
Q

What is the funciton of squamous cells? how does the shape of squamous cells contribute to their function?

A

protection from the outside world. they are wide and flat

42
Q

How many nuclei do squamous cells have

A

one

43
Q

What is unique about the fucntion fo a nerve cell

A

Send and receive signals from your brain

44
Q

What is unqie about the shape of a nerve cell

A

It is star shaped with arms reaching out to connect to other cells

45
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells that are not found in animal cels? can you see them with the microscope?

A

cell wall, yes

46
Q

What is unique about the surrounding structure of plant cells? why would they need this?

A

cell wall, for structure and support and to keep rigidity

47
Q

Do plant cells have a cell membrane? mitochondria?

A

yes,

48
Q

Regarding size, how do prokaryotic cells compare to the size of eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokariotic cells are smaller

49
Q

How many nuclei do prokaryotic cells contain

A

None, they have a nucleiod region

50
Q

do prokaryotic cells have mitochondria

A

nah

51
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane? wall?

A

yes

52
Q

do prokaryotic cells have DNA

A

yes

53
Q

Do bacteria have a nucelus

A

no

54
Q

Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles

A

no

55
Q

What shape is coccus bacteria? bacillus?

A

Coccus: round
Bacillus: rod

56
Q

what does Staphylo imply about a bacteria grouping pattern? Strepto?

A

Staphylo: Clusters
Strepto: Chains

57
Q

What is the shape of Clusters of round bacteria

A

staphylo coccus

58
Q

What is the shape of clusters of rod bacteria

A

staphylo bacillus

59
Q

What is the shape of chains of round bacteria

A

Strepto Coccus

60
Q

What is the shape of chains of rod bacteria

A

Strepto Bacillus

61
Q

Most bacteria have an outer cell wall made of a polymer of sugars and proteins called ________-

A

peptidoglycan

62
Q

What is peptidoglycon

A

a polymer of sugars and proteins that make up the outer cell wall of some bacteria

63
Q

What is a gram positive bacteria

A

Bacteria with a cell wall composed of up to 90% peptidoglycan

64
Q

What is a gram negitive bacteria

A

Bacteria with a cell wall composed of only about 20%. Gram negitive bacteria will have a second, outermembrane made of phospholipids.

65
Q

What is the order of reagents in gram staining procedure and what does each step basically do

A

Crystal violet (purple dye), iodine (mordant), alcohol (decolorization), safranin (counterstain)

66
Q

What color is a gram positive bacteria? negitive?

A

Pos:purple
Neg: pink

67
Q

What does crystal violet stain?

A

gram pos and neg

68
Q

What does iodine/mordant do in a gram stain?

A

it binds the crystal violent to the cytoplasm

69
Q

What does decolorizer/alcohol do in a gram stain

A

Drills a hole in the thin layer of peptidoglycan of gram neg, causing the purple to leave (it doesn’t affect pos because the peptidoglycan is thick and only becomes less permiable)

70
Q

What does counterstain/Safranin do in a gram stain

A

stain the decollorized (neg) bateria pink

71
Q

What process drives solutes to move about in a solution so that the concetration of each individual solute is the same throughtout the entire solution

A

diffusion

72
Q

What is the goal of diffusion

A

equalibrium

73
Q

Cell membranes contain channels and pumps that specifically allow only certain substances to cross, making the membrane _____-

A

semipermeable

74
Q

Solutes that have channels (not pumps) let solutes move ______ into or out of cells ______ the solutes concentration gradient

A

passively, down

75
Q

What solution has the same amount of solute compared to the cytoplasm

A

isotonic

76
Q

What solution has more solute compared to the cytoplasm

A

Hypertonic

77
Q

What solution has less solute compared to the cytoplasm

A

Hypotonic

78
Q

What is it called when cells swell and burst

A

Lyse

79
Q

What is it called when cells shrivel

A

crenate

80
Q

What solution do plant cells prefer

A

Hypotonic

81
Q

What is the NaCl concentration for a red blood cell

A

0.90%

82
Q

What is the glucose concentration for a red blood cell

A

5%

83
Q

an ______ is a protein that acts as a catalyst

A

enzyme

84
Q

the intial energy investment needed to strech the bonds so they can break more easily is called

A

eactivation energy

85
Q

What is the release of chemical energy stored in food

A

Cellular respiration

86
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

87
Q

what is the typical size of yeast

A

4um

88
Q

fermentation is ____ respiration

A

anaerobic

89
Q

Cellular respiration is _______ respiration

A

aerobic

Su24 (20 decks)

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