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Su24 > Bio Ch 4 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What three things are true regarding Cell theory?,

A

All cells come from preexisting cells, all living organisms are made of cells that are the basic unit of organization in an organism, life is passed on from parent to offspring

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2
Q

How can you tell the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell,

A

The presence/absence of a rigid cell wall and whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes

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3
Q

What do all cells have,

A

DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell membrane

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4
Q

Most bacteriera 10-100x ____ than most plant/animal cells,

A

smaller

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5
Q

t/f The nucleus and mitochondria of an eukaryotic cell is about the same size of a single bacterium,

A

TRUE

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6
Q

The cells of an ant and an elephant are about the same size; an elephant just has more of them. What is the main advantage of small cell size?,

A

small cells can better take up nutrients and oxygen because of their small volume

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7
Q

t/f A ribosome would fit inside of a bacterial cell,

A

TRUE

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8
Q

How large is a bacterial cell,

A

5 µm

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9
Q

How large is a mitocondria,

A

2 µm

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10
Q

How large is a human egg cell,

A

100µm

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11
Q

How large is a red blood cell,

A

10 µm

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12
Q

The ______ (hyrophilic/phoic) heads of the phospholipids face outward, and are in contact with the aqueous solution of the cytoplasm or extracellular fluid,

A

Hydrophilic

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13
Q

The phospholipid’s _____ (Hydrophilic/phobic) tails face inward to shield the nonpolar portion of the membrane from H2O,

A

Hydrophobic

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14
Q

Put the items in the correct order starting with the outermost. pili, nucleoid, capsule, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall,

A

Pili, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleiod

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15
Q

Choose a function of pili found on the surface of bacteria cells,

A

attachment to a surface or another bacterium

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16
Q

Where in the cell is a bacterium’s genetic material found?,

A

Nucleoid region

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17
Q

Just like prokaryotic cells, a eukaryotic cell has a cell (plasma) membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?,

A

membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and larger size

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18
Q

what 4 kingdoms are in domain eukarya,

A

Plantae, animalia, fungi, and protista

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19
Q

What kind of cell would have many ribosomes? A muscle or an ovary,

A

Muscle

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20
Q

What does the fact the DNA is surrounded by a double phospholipid bilayer tell you about the role/importance of DNA in the cell?,

A

That the movement of substances into the nucleus is highly regulated

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21
Q

How do products from the Golgi apparatus get to their destinations within the cell, or secreted from the cell?,

A

Vesicle

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22
Q

The amount of ER varies from cell to cell. If a cell had a large amount of rough ER, what products would you expect it to make in abundance?,

A

Protein based products

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the membrane that surrounds the lysosome?,

A

keeps the digestive enzymes inside the lysosome to protect the cell

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24
Q

Would you expect the inside of a lysosome to be acidic or basic?,

A

acidic

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25
Q

What is the product of the breakdown fo H2O2 by catalase,

A

Water and oxygen

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26
Q

What is the common name for H2O2,

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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27
Q

Do only animal cells contain mitochondria?,

A

no

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28
Q

The mitochondrion is often called the “powerhouse of the cell” because it produces ATP. Explain why the cristae are so highly folded, and how it contributes to making the organelle the “powerhouse.”,

A

To increase surface area to allow for ATP production

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29
Q

T/FOnly plant cells contain chloroplasts.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Why is it important for substances to be moved about inside of the cell by the cytoskeleton, instead of just allowing the substances to float to their destinations? (3),

A

It is important that substances reach their final destinations.

The cytoskeleton allows for substances to move in a direct and organized manner.

The cytoskeleton ensures that substances reach the proper organelle.

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31
Q

Match:,a cell with a lot of lysosomes,
b. a cell with a lot of mitochondria
c. a cell with a lot of rough ER
d. a cell with a lot of smooth ER

  1. pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes
  2. ovarian cell that produces steroid hormones
  3. muscle cell in the leg of a marathon runner
  4. white blood cell that engulfs bacteria
A

1=c
2=d3=b
4=a

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32
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus do

A

the sorting of lipids and proteins for various cellular functions

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33
Q

What is the receiving end of the golgi apparatus called,

A

Cis face

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34
Q

T/F The cells that line our respiratory tract, and one-celled organisms like paramecium, both have short hair-like projections called flagella.,

A

FALSE (pilia)

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35
Q

T/F
There are two “faces” or sides of the Golgi apparatus. One side receives vesicles from the ER, and the other side sends vesicles to other parts of the cell.,

A

TRUE

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36
Q

Can mitochondria and chloroplast reproduce independently from the division of the cell?,

A

yes

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37
Q

The latin term ‘cellulae’ from which the term cells is derived translates into,

A

little rooms

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38
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?,

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

Where is DNA found in Prokaryotic cells?,

A

nucleoid region

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40
Q

What do peroxisomes break down?,

A

H2O2

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41
Q

Is chloroplast in bacteria,

A

no

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42
Q

What does cytosol do,

A

fluid that bathes structures located in the cell

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43
Q

where is the stroma,

A

in the chloroplast.

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44
Q

what 3 filaments compose the cytoskeleton,

A

Actin, intermediate, and microtubules

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45
Q

Are cells surrounded by a plasma membrane,

A

yes

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46
Q

Why are membranes important in eukariotic cells,

A

they partition the cell into compartments

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47
Q

Are microtubules a main component of cilia and flagella,

A

Yes

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48
Q

Microtubules are used to guide _______ movement during cell division,

A

chromosome

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49
Q

Do Eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm,

A

yes

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50
Q

What is the discharging end of the Golgi called,

A

trans face

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51
Q

In the introduction of chapter four in the textbook, which of the following scientists used a crude microscope to examine a piece of cork?,

A

robert hooke

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52
Q

T/F? Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules compose the cytoskeleton.,

A

TRUE

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53
Q

T/F? Prokaryotic cells are, on average, about the same size as eukaryotic cells.,

A

FALSE

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54
Q

Where is the stroma?

A

Chloroplast

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55
Q

T/F? The Golgi apparatus is associated with the sorting of lipids and proteins for various cellular functions.,

A

TRUE

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56
Q

T/F? Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.,

A

TRUE

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57
Q

T/F? Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes.,

A

FALSE

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58
Q

T/F? Prokaryotic cells can be categorized based on their different cell walls.,

A

TRUE

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59
Q

Are bacteria and algae prokaryotic cells?,

A

No.

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60
Q

Do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have the same structure to their ribosomes?,

A

No.

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61
Q

Are lysosomes produced by the endomembrane system?,

A

Yes.

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62
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have organelles bound by cytoplasm?,

A

yes.

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63
Q

What is cytosol?,

A

The fluid that bathes the the structures that are located in the cell.

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64
Q

T/F? Large membranous storage sacs, vacuoles, are more prevalent in plant cells than in animal cells.,

A

TRUE

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65
Q

Do peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide?,

A

Yes.

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66
Q

T/F? All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.,

A

FALSE

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67
Q

What does cell theory suggest

A

that a plant and animal tissue are composed of individual cells

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68
Q

what are the 3 basic points of the cell theory

A
  1. life doesnt come from non-living 2. all organisims are made of cells 3. life is passed from parent to offspring
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69
Q

What 4 structures are in all cells

A

dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane

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70
Q

what domains are Prokaryotic cells in

A

bacteria and archaria

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71
Q

Are bacteria smaller or larger than eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 times smaller

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72
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

protein synthesis

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73
Q

what do bacteria cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

74
Q

what 2 things make up peptidoglycan

A

protein and carbohydrates

75
Q

What do fimbriae do

A

help bacteria stick to surfaces

76
Q

Do fimbriae help bacteria move

A

no

77
Q

do bacteria have a nucleus

A

no

78
Q

how many chromosomes do bacteria have

A

1

79
Q

Are prokaryotic cells membrane bound

A

no

80
Q

What kingdom has a cell wall made of chitin

A

fungi

81
Q

what type of organic molecule is cellulose

A

polysaccharide

82
Q

Is the head of phospholipids hydrophilic or phobic polar or nonpolar

A

polar, philic

83
Q

is the tail of the phospholipid hydrophilic or phobic, polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar, phobic

84
Q

Name 4 organic molecules that make up most of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins

85
Q

Which of the following would most likely pass through the membrane easily: a polar amino acid, a nonpolar amino acid, glucose, ions, a lipid-based hormone, a protein-based hormone, water

A

nonpolar amino acid, lipid-based hormone

86
Q

DNA is _____ to RNA, RNA is _____ to protein

A

transcribed, translated

87
Q

Do small, nonpolar compounds need transport proteins

A

no

88
Q

Do small, polar compounds need transport proteins

A

yes

89
Q

What are transport proteins

A

proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane

90
Q

Is the nucleous membrane bound

A

yes

91
Q

what is the double phospholipid bilayer around the nucleous called? what are the protein canes embedded in it called

A

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

92
Q

What macromolecule is stored in the nucleus

A

DNA

93
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear pores

A

regulate movement in and out of the cell

94
Q

Does DNA ever leave the nucleous

A

no

95
Q

What is an example of a multinuclear cell in the animal body

A

skelital muscle

96
Q

What is an example of a anuclear cell in the animal body

A

red blood cell

97
Q

When the cell is not dividing, the DNA and its histone proteins are called______ and are in a non-condensed form

A

Chromatin

98
Q

When the cell is preparing th divide, the DNA and its histone proteins are condensed and are _____

A

Chromasome

99
Q

Is the nucleolous membrane bound

A

no, it is found in the nucleous

100
Q

What is stored/made in the nucleolus

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other parts of teh ribosomes

101
Q

Where does the protein go after the rough ER

A

Golgi

102
Q

Is the ribosome membrane bound

A

no

103
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER (SER)

A

Make lipids, detox, make carbs

104
Q

Where are free ribosomes found

A

cytoplasm

105
Q

where are fixed (bound) ribosomes found

A

attached to the ER or Nuclear envelope

106
Q

What is made by the smooth ER

A

lipids

107
Q

what is stored within the smooth ER

A

Ca2+

108
Q

What is made in the rough ER

A

proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane

109
Q

Where do proteins made by the rough ER go

A

out of the cell

110
Q

What makes the rough ER rough

A

ribosomes

111
Q

if a cell has alot of rough ER, whould would it have an abundence of

A

proteins

112
Q

The liver detoxifies harmful substances for the body, would it have more rER or sER

A

smooth

113
Q

Cells in hormone-producing glands of animals have very large amounts of smooth ER, why

A

it makes lipids (steriods)

114
Q

What is the path of bound proteins (8 steps)

A

Nucleous, nuclear pore, rER, trasport vesicle, Golgi, secretory vescile, PM, Exocytosis

115
Q

is the Golgi membrane bound

A

yes

116
Q

What is types of molecules are altered and packages in the Golgi

A

protein

117
Q

What kind of modifications are made by the golgi

A

adding a carb as a tag

118
Q

How are products transported to the Golgi from the ER

A

transport vesicles

119
Q

Are lysosomes membrane bound

A

yes

120
Q

What do lysosomes primarily do

A

contain digestive enzymes that primarily degrade or destroy compounds delivered to tem

121
Q

What type of mcaromolecule is a digestive enzyme

A

protein

122
Q

Is the enzymes in the lysosome acidic or basic

A

acidic

123
Q

Why do cells in the immune system usualy have a large amount of lysosomes

A

they can destroy cells and cause phaocytosis

124
Q

Why does Peroxisomes make H2O2

A

to detoxify harmful substances

125
Q

What do the catalase in peroxisomes do

A

break down H2O2 to water and oxygen since H2O2 is harmful to the cell

126
Q

are peroxisomes membrane bound

A

yes

127
Q

Animal cells have ____ vacuoles that form via ______. Plant cells contain ______ vacuole used for _______

A

food, phagocytosis. a central, storage

128
Q

Are vacuoles membrane bound

A

yes

129
Q

What is stored in the central vacuole of a plant

A

Water, chemical nutrience, toxic waster

130
Q

Why do plant cells need a central vacuole but animals don’t

A

maintain pressure which provides structure/ridgitiy

131
Q

how many phospholipid layers do mitochondrion have

A

2

132
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called? what is its structure

A

crista, highly folded

133
Q

the mitochondrion of the cell produces energy in the form of___

A

atp

134
Q

Why does chloroplast appear green

A

chlorophyll

135
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

a fibrous network of proteins that crisscorss through the cytoplasm

136
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do

A

gives the cell its shape and anchors organelles

137
Q

What is a vesicle

A

sacs of membrane that transport products throughout the cell, may move by being ppulled along protein fibers by motor proteins that “walk” along fibers

138
Q

What are microfiaments responsible for

A

movement

139
Q

What areintermediate filaments responsible ofr

A

shape

140
Q

What are microtubules responsible for

A

tracks for transportation

141
Q

The centrosome contains a pair of _______ and is called the “___________________”

A

centrioles, microtubule-organizing center

142
Q

What is the main function of the centrosome

A

act as an anchor point and give an axis of direction

143
Q

How many centrosomes can be found in a nondividing cell? how many centrioles

A

1, 2

144
Q

What is the role of the centrosome in a dividing cell

A

organize microtubles and facilitating division

145
Q

What ar ethe three main types of cell extentions and their function

A

cilla (wave-like movement), Flagella (propel w/ whip-like motion), Microvilli (Increase surface area for absorption, secretion, adhesion)

146
Q

What makes up cilia, flagella, microvilli

A

microtubules

147
Q

Are cell extentions membranous or non

A

nonmembranous

148
Q

Where can cilia be found

A

lungs

149
Q

Do all cells have cell extensions

A

nonmembranous

150
Q

Order in which protein could be made and exported out of the cell via endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

151
Q

What four components are found in every cell type?

A

DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, and Cell Membrane

152
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Thick solution that is enclosed by the membrane. Organelles sit in the cytoplasm.

153
Q

Compare and contrast cells from each kingdom of domain eukarya.

A

Animalia: We have regular vacuole.
Plantae: Have a cell wall, central vacuole
Fungi: Have chitin.
Protista: ?

154
Q

Describe the structure of a PROKARYOTIC cell.

A

It has a nucleoid region that stores DNA (chromosomes). It has little ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It has a membrane, cell wall, and then capsule. Flagellum for movement. Fimbrae on the outside that are spiky. For adhesion.

155
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.

A

Phospholipid bilayer that encircles the cell, keeping all the organelles inside. It has proteins embedded in or ones that pass through to help carry in/out molecules.

156
Q

Other than phospholipids, what other molecules may be found in the membrane?

A

Cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

157
Q

Describe the importance of the nucleus. What is unique about its structure?

A

The nucleus has a double phospholipid bilayer. which makes it unique. Inside is the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes. On the outside are the nuclear pores, which allow things in and out of the nucleus.

158
Q

How can bacteria function without a nucleus

A

it has a nucleiod region which holds the DNA

159
Q

What is the difference between free and fixed ribosomes?

A

Free: They are free in the cell, and they produce proteins for functions within the cell.
Fixed: These are bound to the rough ER, which is what makes it rough. They produce proteins that go outside of the cell.

160
Q

What is the structure and function of the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

161
Q

What would happen to a cell if its mitochondria weren’t able to function?

A

It wouldn’t be able to produce energy.

162
Q

Explain the process that occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Compare and contrast them

A

Mitochondria is cellular respiration, which occurs in the inner membrane of the crista.
Chloroplast is photosynthesis.
Both of these produce energy.

163
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplast and the mitochondrion

A

Mitochondria: it has 2 phospholipid bilayers. The inner membrane is highly folded, and called the crista. The track that ribosomes travel is called the matrix.
Chloroplast: They have an inner and outer membrane. Inside, the fluid is called the stroma. A single plate shaped thing is a thykaloid, and a stack is a granum.

164
Q

What is the imporance of the cytoskeletons of the cell. What are the structures that make it up?

A

It gives the cell shape and anchors organelles in place. The three structures are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

165
Q

Nucleus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: It holds the genetic code for creating proteins you need.

166
Q

Nucleolus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: It is inside the nucleus and it makes the ribosomes/proteins.

167
Q

Ribosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: Their main function is to synthesize/make proteins.

168
Q

sER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: It stores calcium ions in muscle cells and produces lipids, sex hormones, oils, and detoxifies chemicals. It also breaks down glycogen when you need energy

169
Q

rER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: It produces, modefies, inspects, and dispatches proteins used by the rest of the cell.

170
Q

Golgi: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: It recieves products made by the ER. It then further modifies, packages, and ships the products to their final destination.

171
Q

Lysosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: They come from the golgi and they contain digestive enzymes and are involved in degrading or destroying compounds delivered to them.

172
Q

Peroxisome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane Bound: They break down fatty acids. During the process of detoxifying, they produce H2O2 and use catalase to break it into H2O and O2.

173
Q

Vacuole: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: In an animal cell, they are food vacuoles that store nutrients. In a plant cell, the central vacuole that is also used for storage, as well as structure.

174
Q

Mitochondrion: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: They are the site for cellular respiration. POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

175
Q

Chloroplast: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Membrane bound: Photosynthetic organelles in plant cells

176
Q

Cytoskeleton: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: For structure and anchoring organelles in the cytoplasm.

177
Q

Centrosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They organize the microtubules in the cell that act as anchor points for organelles.

178
Q

Cilia: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They remove debris and carry particles away from the lungs.

179
Q

Flagella: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They help the cells move.

180
Q

Microvilli: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?

A

Nonmembrane bound: They increase surface area for absorbtion, secretion, adhesion, and mechotransduction.

Su24 (20 decks)

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