T Flashcards
An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement
- This allows a speaker to identify or describe the features of the physical environment
- The elements that make up one’s physical environment are vast; thus, much of language instruction and educational programs focus on teaching these
Tact
Once a tact has been established, the tact response can occur under novel stimulus conditions through the process of stimulus generalization
- Skinner (1957) identifies four different levels of generalization based on the degree to which a novel stimulus shares the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
- The four types of this are generic, metaphorical, metonymical, and solecistic
Tact Extension
An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or fingerspelled response that does not have formal similarity between the stimulus and the response, but does have point to point correspondence and a history of generalized reinforcement
Taking Dictation
A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mix schedule, this schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain
Tandem Schedule (tand)
The response class selected for intervention; can be defined either functionally or topographically
Target Behavior
The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process
Task Analysis
Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions; promotes setting/situation generalization by reducing the likelihood that (a) a single or small group of noncritical stimuli will acquire exclusive control over the target behavior and (2) the learner’s performance of the target behavior will be impeded or “thrown off” should he encounter any of the “loose” stimuli in the generalization setting
Teach Loosely
A strategy for promoting generalized behavior change that consists of teaching the learner to respond to a subset of all the relevant stimulus and response examples and then assessing the learner’s performance on untrained examples
Teach Enough Examples
Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time; one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived
Temporal Extent
Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (ie; when in time behavior occurs can be measured); often measured in terms of response latency and interresponse time (IRT); one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived
Temporal Locus
Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their juxtaposition in time
Temporal Relation
The end product of shaping
Terminal Behavior
A variation of nonexclusion time out whereby each occurrence of the target behavior immediately stops an activity or sensory reinforcer
Terminate Specific Reinforcer Contact
An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a written verbal discriminative stimulus that does not have formal similarity between the stimulus and the response, but does have point to point correspondence and a history of generalized reinforcement
Textual
The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence
Three Term Contingency
A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli that begins with the simultaneous presentation of the natural stimulus and response prompt
- After several correct responses, a delay is introduced between the stimulus and the response prompt until the student emits the unprompted correct response
- Time delay is considered an “errorless learning” technique as students make few or no errors transitioning from the contrived prompt to the instructional stimulus
Time Delay
A measurement of the presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals
- It is most useful with continuous and high rate behaviors
Time Sampling
The immediate response contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the immediate loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment
Time Out from Positive Reinforcement
An object or symbol that is awarded contingent on appropriate target behavior(s) that can be traded for a wide variety of backup reinforcers; these function as generalized conditioned reinforcers
Token
A behavior change system consisting of a list of target behaviors, with tokens (points or small objects) participants earn for emitting the target behaviors, and a menu of backup reinforcers (ie; preferred items, activities, or privileges) for which participants exchange earned tokens
Token Economy
The physical form or shape of a behavior
Topography
Defines instances of the targeted response class by the shape or form of the behavior
Topography Based Definition
A category of verbal behavior in which the listener is affected by a specific response topography emitted by the speaker; includes (eg; speech, sign language, writing, fingerspelling)
Topography Based Verbal Behavior
The simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data; based on comparing the total count recorded by each observer per measurement period; calculated by dividing the smaller of the two observers’ counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100
Total Count IOA
A relevant index of IOA for total duration measurement; computed by dividing the shorter of the two durations reported by the observers by the longer duration and multiplying by 100
Total Duration IOA
A variation of forward chaining in which the learner receives training on each behavior in the chain during each session
Total Task Chaining
Refers to dimensions of procedural arrangements when teaching multiple conditional discriminations
- Commonly used training structures include one to many training or sample as node training, many to one or comparison as node structure, and linear series training
Training Structure
An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or fingerspelled response
- Like the textual, there is point to point correspondence between the stimulus and the response product, but no formal similarity
Transcription
Occurs when teaching a new function for one member of an established equivalence class results in the same function holding for all members of the class
Transfer of Function
Occurs when the behavioral function of one stimulus in a stimulus class changes as a predictable function of the behavior function of other stimuli in the class
Transformation of Function
An environmental variable that, as a result of a learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus
Transitive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-T)
Describes derived stimulus - stimulus relations (eg; A=C) that emerge as a product of training two other stimulus - stimulus relations (A=C and B=C)
- This would be demonstrated if, after training, the following occurs: (1) if A (eg; spoken word bicycle) = B (eg; the picture of a bicycle) and (2) B (the picture of a bicycle) = C (eg; the written word bicycle), then (3) A (the spoken name, bicycle) = C (the written word bicycle)
Transitivity
An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study
Treatment Drift
The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment
Treatment Integrity
A behavioral intervention consisting of multiple components (eg; contingent praise, tokens, and extinction)
Treatment Package
The overall direction taken by a data path
- It is described in terms of direction (increasing, decreasing, or zero trend), degree (gradual or steep), and the extent of variability of data points around the trend
- This is used in predicting future measures of the behavior under unchanging conditions
Trend
An analysis in which a series of trials is interspersed among classroom activities
- Each trial consists of two 1 minute components: (a) the establishing operation and contingency for problem behavior (test condition), and (b) continuous access to the reinforcer (control condition)
Trial Based Functional Analysis
An IOA index for discrete trial Dara based on comparing the observers’ counts (0 or 1) on a trial by trial, or item by item, basis; yields a more conservative and meaningful index of IOA for discrete trial data than does total count IOA
Trial by Trial IOA
A measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature
- Obtaining these requires “special or extraordinary precautions to ensure that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed”
True Value
A special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a pre established level of accuracy or proficiency
Trials to Criterion
An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a false positive
Type I Error
An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a false negative
Type II Error
