B Flashcards
A three phase experimental design that begins with the treatment condition
- After steady state responding has been obtained during the initial treatment phase (B), the treatment variable is withdrawn (A) to see whether responding changes in the absence of the independent variable
- The treatment variable is then reintroduced (B) in an attempt to recapture the level of responding obtained during the first treatment phase
B-A-B Design
Preferred items, activities, or privileges that participants obtain by exchanging earned tokens in a token economy
Backup Reinforcers
A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain
- When the learner shows competence in performing the final step in the chain, the trainer performs all but the last two behaviors in the chain, the learner emits the final two steps to complete the chain, and reinforcement is delivered
- This sequence is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently
Backward Chaining
A backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner’s repertoire
Backward Chaining with Leaps Ahead
A simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing behavioral data; shares most of the line graphs features except that it does not have distinct data points representing successive response measures through time
Bar Graph
A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during baseline are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable; a control condition that does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment, only the absence of a specific independent variable of experimental interest
Baseline
A term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication
Baseline Logic
The portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism
Behavior
Consolidates, updates, and replaces the BACB’s professional disciplinary and ethical standards and guidelines for responsible conduct for behavior analysts
- The compliance code includes 10 sections relevant to professional and ethical behavior of behavior analysts, along with a glossary of terms
- Effective January 1, 2016, an BACB applicants, certificants, and registrants will be required to adhere to the compliance code
Behavior Analyst Certification Board’s (BACB’s) Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts
A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain; reinforcement for the last response in a chain maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain
Behavior Chain
An intervention that relies on the participant’s skill to initially perform all the critical elements of a chain independently, but the chain is then interrupted, or a link in the chain is made unavailable at a predetermined time, so that another behavior can be prompted or emitted
Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy
A contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behavior chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered
Behavior Chain with a Limited Hold
A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (eg; response cost is derived from the principle of negative punishment); possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination
Behavior Change Tactic
An itemized list that provides descriptions of specific skills usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed
- Some checklists are designed to assess one particular behavior or skill area
- Others address multiple behaviors or skill areas
- Most use a Likert scale to rate responses
Behavior Checklist
An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long lasting behavior changes
- Effective ones share four essential features: (a) they are “bailed” with virtually irresistible reinforcers that “lure” the student to the trap; (b) only a low effort response already in the student’s repertoire is necessary to enter the trap; (c) once inside the trap, interrelated contingencies of reinforcement motivate the student to acquire, extend, and maintain targeted academic and or social skills; and (d) they can remain effective for a long time because students show few, if any, satiation effects
Behavior Trap
Either (a) an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an evocative effect; or (b) a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an abative effect
- For example, the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced with food, such as opening the fridge, is evoked (increased) or abated (decreased) by food deprivation or food ingestion, respectively
Behavior Altering Effect (of a Motivating Operation)
A form of assessment that includes indirect and direct procedures such as interviews, checklists, and tests to identify and define the specific target behavior
- In addition to identifying behavior(s) to change, comprehensive behavioral assessment can uncover functional relations between variables; it provides context on the resources, assets, significant others, competing contingencies, maintenance and generalization factors, and reinforces (or punishers) that can be combined to improve the efficiency of an intervention
Behavioral Assessment
The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule
Behavioral Contrast
A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls
Behavioral Cusp
An insensitivity to external stimuli occurring when private events interfere with well being behaviors on which high priority positive reinforcers are contingent
Behavioral Inflexibility
Describes the resistance to change in a behaviors rate of responding following an alteration in reinforcement conditions
- The momentum metaphor has also been used to describe the effects produced by the high probability (high p) request sequence
Behavioral Momentum
The philosophy of a science of behavior; there are various forms of behaviorism
Behaviorism
The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation
- Measures of interobserver agreement (IOA) are the most often used index of believability in applied behavior analysis
Believability
A higher order verbal cusp consisting of the fusing together of the speaker and listener repertoires in bidirectional relations
- A new word acquired as listener can generate a tact without further training, and a new word acquired as a tact can generate a listener relation without further training (these effects are consistent with emergent symmetry and mutual entailment)
Bidirectional Naming (Bin)
A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior
Bonus Response Cost
An analysis in which only one or two 5 to 10 minute sessions are conducted for each condition
- A convincing demonstration of function may be achieved by either alternating a condition that produces problem behavior with one that does not or conducting a contingency reversal
- This may reveal a functional relation in fewer sessions than a full functional analysis
Brief Functional Analysis
