Nn Flashcards
An observer who is unaware of the study’s purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period
- Data obtained by these are less likely to be influenced by observers’ expectations
Naive Observer
Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behavior analyst’s or practitioner’s efforts; includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people and already in effect in the relevant setting
Naturally Existing Contingency
A response behavior followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus or . a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus) that results in similar responses occuring less often
Negative Punishment
A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses
Negative Reinforcement
A stimulus whose termination lor reduction in intensity) functions as reinforcement
Negative Reinforcer
Failure to demonstrate professional integrity on the part of the provider that threatens the client’s health and safety; typically exhibited as nonfeasance - not doing what ought to be done
Negligence
A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus set that must be held in common across a minimum of two conditional discriminations to provide a basis for an equivalence properties
Nodal Stimulus (Node)
Derived stimulus relations in which stimuli are related on some basis other than “sameness”
Nonequivalence Relations
A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed time (FT) or variable time VT) schedules completely independent of behavior; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior
Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)
An experimental control technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement by using noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) as a control condition instead of a no reinforcement (baseline) condition
- During the NCR condition, the stimulus change used as reinforcement in the reinforcement condition is presented on a fixed or variable time schedule independent of the subject’s behavior
- A higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition than during the NCR condition demonstrates that the changes in behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event
Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) Reversal Technique
An experimental design that consists of a related series of A-B (baseline intervention) sequences conducted across participants at different points in time; often used to assess treatment effects when concurrent measurement of participants’ behavior is not possible
Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline Across Participants Design
A procedure for implementing time out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior, the person remains within the setting, but does not have access to reinforcement, for a specified period
Nonexclusion Time Out
As a philosophy and principle, the belief that people with disabilities should, to the maximum extent possible, be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability
- As an approach to intervention, the use of progressively more typical settings and procedures “to establish and/or maintain personal behaviors which are as culturally normal as possible”
Normalization
