R Flashcards
A form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)
Radical Behaviorism
A variation of the changing criterion design in which each intervention sub phase includes a lower and an upper criterion within which the participant is expected to perform
Range Bound Changing Criterion Design
A fundamental measure of how often behavior occurs expressed as count per standard unit of time (eg; per minute, per hour, per day) and calculated by dividing the number of responses recorded by the number of standard units of time in which observations were conducted
- Some behavior analysts use rate and frequency interchangeably; others use frequency to mean count
Rate
A scale in which equal distances on a graph’s axis correspond to equal ratios of change in the variable plotted on the axis
Ratio Scale
A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding
Ratio Strain
Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured
- It is most likely when measurement procedures are obtrusive, especially if the person being observed is aware of the observer’s presence and purpose
Reactivity
“Differential responding to novel combinations of stimulus components that have been included previously in other stimulus contexts” (Goldstein, 1983)
Recombinative Generalization
The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishing consequence; analogous to the extinction of previously reinforced behavior and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment
Recovery from Punishment
A stimulus response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (eg; bright light pupil contraction)
- Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism and promote reproduction
Reflex
A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement
- It is exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behavior that has accomplished that offset
Reflexive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-R)
A type of stimulus to stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus (eg; A=A)
- This would be demonstrated in the following matching to sample procedure:
The sample stimulus is a picture of a tree, and the three comparison stimuli are a picture of a mouse, a picture of a cookie, and a duplicate of the tree picture used as the sample stimulus
- the learner selects the picture of the tree without specific reinforcement in the past for making the tree picture to tree picture match
Reflexivity
A basic principle of behavior describing a response consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often
Reinforcement
A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
Reinforcer
Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for presenting one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers
Reinforcer Assessment
A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation
- For example, food ingestion abolishes (decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of food
Reinforcer Abolishing Effect (of a Motivating Operation)
An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation
- For example, food deprivation establishes (increases) the reinforcing effectiveness of food
Reinforcer Establishing Effect (of a Motivating Operation)
Any specific type of arbitrarily applicable relational responding
Relational Frame
A theory of derived stimulus relations proposing that stimulus relations are inherently verbal and that accumulated experience with relational exemplars creates generalized repertoires of relating
Relational Frame Theory (RFT)
Holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person’s natural environment should be targeted for change
Relevance of Behavior Rule
Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values
Reliability (of Measurement)
Refers to the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly through time (ie; behavior can be counted); one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived
Repeatability
All of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task (eg; gardening, mathematical problem solving)
Repertoire
(A) Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity
(B) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors
Replication
A statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment; may be presented in question form and is most often found in a published account as a statement of the experiment’s purpose
- All aspects of an experiment’s design should follow from the research question
Research Question
The relative frequency with which operant behavior is emitted during extinction
Resistance to Extinction
The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli
Respondent Behavior
A stimulus - stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response
Respondent Conditioning
The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual’s repertoire
Respondent Extinction
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior
- Technical definition: an “action of an organism’s effector. An effector is an organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specialized for altering its environment mechanically, chemically, or in terms of other energy changes” (Michael, 2004)
Response
A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior, to prevent completion of the targeted behavior
Response Blocking
A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment
Response Class
The response contingent loss of a specific number of positive reinforcers (eg; a fine) that decreases the frequency of similar responses in the future; a form of negative punishment
Response Cost
A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement: reinforced members of the current response class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently (undergo extinction); the overall result is the emergence of a new response class
Response Differentiation
The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior
Response Generalization
A procedural variation of response blocking that involves interrupting stereotypic behavior at its onset and redirecting the individual to complete high probability behaviors instead
Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD)
A measure of temporal locus; the elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (eg; task direction, cue) to the initiation of a response
Response Latency
The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior’s initial appearance in the learner’s repertoire has been terminated
Response Maintenance
Prompts that operate directly on the response to cue a correct response
- The three major forms of response prompts are verbal instructions, modeling, and physical guidance
Response Prompts
A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement
Response Deprivation Hypothesis
A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior
Restitutional Overcorrection
Three common types of restraint - personal restraint, protective equipment restraint, and self restraint - appear in the behavior analysis literature
- With personal restraint, therapists physically restrict the problem behavior by holding the body parts (eg; response blocking) that produce the problem behavior
- With protective equipment restraints, therapists often use protective equipment restraints (eg; padded helmets, arm splints, boxing gloves, padded hand mitts, safety belts, safety straps) to protect individuals from causing serious injury
- Persons with self injurious behavior (SIB) often apply self restraint, such as sitting on hands, placing arms between folded legs, and wrapping arms in tight clothing
Restraint
Refers to the reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased and to the three phase procedure that produces the effect: (1) A target behavior is reinforced, (2) the target behavior is placed on extinction and reinforcement provided for an alternative behavior, and (3) both responses are placed on extinction
Resurgence
Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by “reversing” responding to a level obtained in a previous condition; encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn (A-B-A-B) or reversed in its focus (eg; DRI/DRA)
Reversal Design
A comparison prior to conducting a behavioral assessment or intervention of the potential harm to the client (or others) versus the benefits likely to result from the procedures
Risk Benefit Analysis
Behavior controlled by a rule (ie; a verbal statement of an antecedent behavior consequence contingency); enables human behavior (eg; fastening a seat belt) to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable, but potentially significant consequences (eg; avoiding injury in an auto accident)
- Often used in contrast to contingency shaped behavior, a term used to indicate behavior selected and maintained by controlled, temporally close consequences
Rule Governed Behavior
