D

Question 1

The results of measurement, usually in quantifiable form; in applied behavior analysis, it refers to measures of some quantifiable dimension of a behavior
- The word is the plural form of datum

Answer 1

Data

Question 2

The level and trend of behavior between successive data points; created by drawing a straight line from the center of each data point in a given data set to the center of the next data point in the same set

Answer 2

Data Path

Question 3

A relation between the self, as one stimulus, and other stimuli from the external world

Answer 3

Deictic Relation

Question 4

A phenomenon in which delayed rewards, regardless of their significance and magnitude (eg; enough money for a secure retirement), exert decreasing influence over choice making behavior as a function of their temporal distance from present circumstances
- Both humans and nonhuman laboratory animals discount the value of delayed rewards; the greater the delay to the reward, the greater the discount (ie; the less value or influence the reward has on current behavior)

Answer 4

Delay Discounting

Question 5

A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, begin for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors begin in a staggered or delayed fashion

Answer 5

Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

Question 6

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group

Answer 6

Dependent Group Contingency

Question 7

The measured behavior in an experiment to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior

Answer 7

Dependent Variable

Question 8

The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (eg; withholding a person’s access to a reinforcer for a specified period prior to a session)

Answer 8

Deprivation

Question 9

Responding indicating a relation (eg; same as, opposite, different form, better than) between two or more stimuli that emerges as an indirect function of related instruction or experience

Answer 9

Derived Stimulus Relations

Question 10

A data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time

Answer 10

Descending Baseline

Question 11

Direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions

Answer 11

Descriptive Functional Behavior Assessment

Question 12

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy nilly, accidental fashion

Answer 12

Determinism

Question 13

Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) (ie; frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction

Answer 13

Differential Reinforcement

Question 14

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior (eg; reinforcing completion of academic worksheet items when the behavior targeted for reduction is talk outs)

Answer 14

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

Question 15

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (eg; fewer than five responses per 5 minutes, fewer than four responses per 5 minutes, fewer than three responses per 5 minutes)

Answer 15

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates (DRD)

Question 16

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (eg; more than three responses per 5 minutes, more than five responses per 5 minutes, more than eight responses per 5 minutes)

Answer 16

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)

Question 17

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is typographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and with following instances of the problem behavior (eg; sitting in seat is incompatible with walking around the room)

Answer 17

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

Question 18

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) fallows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding A predetermined criterion
- Practitioners use DRL schedules to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner’s repertoire

Answer 18

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)

Question 19

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times (ie; momentary DRO; sometimes called differential reinforcement of zero rates of responding or omission training)

Answer 19

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Question 20

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation

Answer 20

Direct Measurement

Question 21

An experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment

Answer 21

Direct Replication

Question 22

Statements describing corrective, disciplinary, and revocation actions, depending on the circumstances for violations of a professional; see the BACB compliance code

Answer 22

Disciplinary Standards

Question 23

Conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected

Answer 23

Discontinuous

Question 24

Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response
- Each discrete response occurs when an opportunity to respond exists
- Discrete trial, restricted operant, and controlled operant are synonymous technical terms

Answer 24

Discrete Trial

Question 25

Contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer

Answer 25

Discriminated

Question 26

Contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer

Answer 26

Discriminated

Question 27

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others

Answer 27

Discriminated Operant

Question 28

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has been reinforced and in the absence of which that behavior has not been reinforced; as a result of this history, an SD evokes operant behavior because its presence signals the availability of reinforcement

Answer 28

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Question 29

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has been punished and in the absence of which that behavior has not been punished; as a result of this history, the behavior occurs less often in the presence of the SDp than in its absence

Answer 29

Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment (SDp)

Question 30

Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their differences

Answer 30

Distinction Relation

Question 31

A procedure that prevents the subject and the experimenter(s) from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable; used to eliminate confounding of results by subject expectations, parent and teacher expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias

Answer 31

Double Blind Control

Question 32

An experimental technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement; it uses differential reinforcement of an incompatible or alternative behavior (DRI/DRA) as a control condition instead of a no reinforcement (baseline) condition
- During the DRI/DRA condition, the stimulus change used as reinforcement in the reinforcement condition is presented contingent on occurrences of a specified behavior that is either incompatible with the target behavior or an alternative to the target behavior
- A higher level is responding during the reinforcement condition than during the DRI/DRA condition demonstrates that the changes in behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event

Answer 32

DRI/DRA Reversal Technique

Question 33

An experimental technique for demonstrating the effects of reinforcement by using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) as a control condition instead of a no reinforcement (baseline) condition
- During the DRO condition, the stimulus change used as reinforcement in the reinforcement condition is presented contingent on the absence of the target behavior for a specified time period
- A higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition than during the DRO condition demonstrates that the changes in behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event

Answer 33

DRO Reversal Technique

Question 34

A method for conducting a component analysis in which the investigator presents the treatment package and then systematically removes components
- If the treatment’s effectiveness wanes when a component is removed, the researcher has identified a necessary component

Answer 34

Drop Out Component Analysis

Question 35

A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with formal similarity, and a history of generalized reinforcement

Answer 35

Duplic

Question 36

The total time that behavior occurs; measured by elapsed time from the onset of a response to its end point

Answer 36

Duration

Question 37

An elementary verbal operant involving a vocal response that is evoked by a vocal verbal SD that has formal similarity between an auditory verbal stimulus and an auditory verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement

Answer 37

Echoic

Question 38

An assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior
- This is a method for obtaining data across multiple settings and persons

Answer 38

Ecological Assessment

Answer 39

Elementary Verbal Operants