C

Question 1

The process of comparing the data produced by a measurement system to a known standard or true value and, when sources of error are found, using that information to correct or improve the measurement System

Answer 1

Calibration

Question 2

If then relationships (eg; if A, then B; it B, then C) that are a central feature of understanding and doing science
- With respect to stimulus relations, these can define the structure of a stimulus class or define the behavior function through which stimuli in a class are transformed

Answer 2

Causal Relations

Question 3

The change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time; based on count per unit of time (rate); expressed as a factor by which responding is accelerating or decelerating (multiplying or dividing)’, displayed with a trend line on a standard celeration chart
- This is a generic term without specific reference to accelerating or decelerating rates of response

Answer 3

Celeration

Question 4

A unit of time (eg; per week, per month) in which celeration is plotted on a standard celeration chart

Answer 4

Celeration Time Period

Question 5

The celeration trend line is measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods (eg; rate per week, rate per month, rate per year, and rate per decade)

Answer 5

Celeration Trend Line

Question 6

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule

Answer 6

Chained Schedule

Question 7

Various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances

Answer 7

Chaining

Question 8

An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment
. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion

Answer 8

Changing Criterion Design

Question 9

A new member is added to a demonstrated stimulus equivalence class as the result of teaching a new conditional discrimination

Answer 9

Class Expansion

Question 10

Independent equivalence classes are combined as the result of teaching a new but interrelated conditional discrimination

Answer 10

Class Merger

Question 11

A match to sample procedure in which not only is the correct comparison choice conditional on the sample stimulus, but the type of consequence delivered is, too; class specific consequences themselves become members of the equivalence classes

Answer 11

Class Specific Reinforcement

Question 12

A term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus
- A handheld device produces a click sound when pressed
- The trainer pairs other forms of reinforcement (eg; edible treats) with the click sound so that the sound becomes a conditioned reinforcer

Answer 12

Clicker Training

Question 13

A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point to point correspondence, but without formal similarity
- There is also a history of generalized reinforcement

Answer 13

Codic

Question 14

A relation involving two stimuli that both participate in mutual entailment with some cannon third stimulus

Answer 14

Combinatorial Entailment

Question 15

Any experiment designed to identify the active elements of a treatment condition, the relative contributions of different variables in a treatment package, and/or the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention
- This takes many forms, but the basic strategy is to compare levels of responding across successive phases in which the intervention is implemented with one or more components left out

Answer 15

Component Analysis

Question 16

A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction
- The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements

Answer 16

Compound Schedule

Question 17

Involves two or more verbal SDs (convergent multiple control) that each independently evoke behavior, but when they both occur in the same antecedent configuration, a different SD is generated, and a more specific behavior is evoked

Answer 17

Compound Verbal Discrimination

Question 18

A stimulus class whose members share a common set of features

Answer 18

Concept

Question 19

A complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli

Answer 19

Concept Formation

Question 20

An experimental design in which participants are presented with two or more response options; each option is associated with a distinctive discriminative stimulus and leads to a different set of treatment procedures

Answer 20

Concurrent Chains Design

Question 21

A schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors

Answer 21

Concurrent Schedule (conc)

Question 22

Performance in a match to sample procedure in which discrimination between the comparison stimuli is conditional on, or depends on, the sample stimulus present on each trial

Answer 22

Conditional Discrimination

Question 23

The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance; computed by calculating (a) the proportion of occurrences of behavior that were preceded by a specific antecedent variable and (b) the proportion of occurrences of problem behavior that were followed by a specific consequence
- These range from 0.0 to 1.0; the closer the conditional probability is to 1.0, the stronger the relationship is between the target behavior and the antecedent/consequence variables

Answer 23

Conditional Probability

Question 24

A motivating operation whose value altering effect depends on a learning history
- For example, because of the relation between locked doors and keys, having to open a locked door is a CMO that makes keys more effective as reinforcers, and evokes behavior that has obtained such keys

Answer 24

Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO)

Question 25

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers

Answer 25

Conditioned Negative Reinforcer

Question 26

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers

Answer 26

Conditioned Punisher

Question 27

A learned stimulus response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (eg; sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (eg; salivation); each person’s repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)

Answer 27

Conditioned Reflex

Question 28

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers

Answer 28

Conditioned Reinforcer

Question 29

The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another CS

Answer 29

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 30

Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization, usually written and signed, for release of such information

Answer 30

Confidentiality

Question 31

A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially

Answer 31

Conflict of Interest

Question 32

An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable

Answer 32

Confounding Variable

Question 33

A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for two or more schedules of reinforcement

Answer 33

Conjunctive Schedule (conj)

Question 34

A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest
- Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states, have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect

Answer 34

Consequence

Question 35

A procedure for transferring stimulus contra from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli
- After the student has responded correctly to several 0 second delay trials, after which presentation of the response prompt follows the instructional stimulus by a predetermined and fixed delay (usually 3 or 4 seconds) for all subsequent trials

Answer 35

Constant Time Delay

Question 36

The situation or context in which a stimulus (or stimulus class) occurs determines its function
- More specifically: a type of stimulus control requiring three levels of antecedent stimuli, such that the functions of the stimuli: in a conditional discrimination vary depending on the context
- This training requires a five term contingency
- It allows for the same stimuli to be members of more than one equivalence class, depending on the context

Answer 36

Contextual Control

Question 37

Signals the type of relational responding that will be reinforced

Answer 37

Contextual Stimulus

Question 38

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables

Answer 38

Contingency

Question 39

A mutually agreed upon document between parties (eg; parent and child) describing a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s)

Answer 39

Contingency Contract

Question 40

Exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses
- For example, if behavior A results in reinforcement on an FR 1 schedule of reinforcement and behavior B results in reinforcement being withheld (extinction), a contingency reversal consists of changing the contingencies such that behavior a now results in extinction and behavior B results in reinforcement on an FR 1 schedule

Answer 40

Contingency Reversal

Question 41

Behavior acquired by direct experience with contingencies

Answer 41

Contingency Shaped Behavior

Question 42

Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred

Answer 42

Contingent

Question 43

A graphic display of the probability of one event (eg; a particular consequence) given the occurrence (or not) of another event (eg; the presence or absence of a particular behavior)
- Contingencies are considered positive (ie; a specific consequence is more likely to occur), negative (ie; a specific consequence is less likely to occur), or neutral (ie; a specific consequence is neither more or less likely to occur)

Answer 43

Contingency Space Analysis

Question 44

A procedure for implementing time out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost

Answer 44

Contingent Observation

Question 45

Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period

Answer 45

Continuous Measurement

Question 46

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior

Answer 46

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)

Question 47

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change

Answer 47

Contrived Contingency

Question 48

Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting

Answer 48

Contrived Mediating Stimulus

Question 49

An elementary verbal operant involving a written response that is evoked by a written verbal discriminative stimulus that has formal similarity and a history of generalized reinforcement

Answer 49

Copying Text

Question 50

A simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior
- The observation period, or counting time, should always be noted when reporting count measures

Answer 50

Count

Question 51

Behavior evoked by coercion or aversive forms of external control; takes many forms, including escape, attack, passive resistance, “ an emotional reaction of anger or frustration including operant behavior which injures or is otherwise aversive to the controller”

Answer 51

Countercontrol

Question 52

The period of time in which a count of the number of responses emitted is recorded

Answer 52

Counting Time

Question 53

A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate

Answer 53

Cumulative Record

Question 54

A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time; each time a response is emitted, a pen moves upward across paper that continuously moves at a constant speed

Answer 54

Cumulative Recorder