C Flashcards
The process of comparing the data produced by a measurement system to a known standard or true value and, when sources of error are found, using that information to correct or improve the measurement System
Calibration
If then relationships (eg; if A, then B; it B, then C) that are a central feature of understanding and doing science
- With respect to stimulus relations, these can define the structure of a stimulus class or define the behavior function through which stimuli in a class are transformed
Causal Relations
The change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time; based on count per unit of time (rate); expressed as a factor by which responding is accelerating or decelerating (multiplying or dividing)’, displayed with a trend line on a standard celeration chart
- This is a generic term without specific reference to accelerating or decelerating rates of response
Celeration
A unit of time (eg; per week, per month) in which celeration is plotted on a standard celeration chart
Celeration Time Period
The celeration trend line is measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods (eg; rate per week, rate per month, rate per year, and rate per decade)
Celeration Trend Line
A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule
Chained Schedule
Various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances
Chaining
An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment
. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion
Changing Criterion Design
A new member is added to a demonstrated stimulus equivalence class as the result of teaching a new conditional discrimination
Class Expansion
Independent equivalence classes are combined as the result of teaching a new but interrelated conditional discrimination
Class Merger
A match to sample procedure in which not only is the correct comparison choice conditional on the sample stimulus, but the type of consequence delivered is, too; class specific consequences themselves become members of the equivalence classes
Class Specific Reinforcement
A term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus
- A handheld device produces a click sound when pressed
- The trainer pairs other forms of reinforcement (eg; edible treats) with the click sound so that the sound becomes a conditioned reinforcer
Clicker Training
A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point to point correspondence, but without formal similarity
- There is also a history of generalized reinforcement
Codic
A relation involving two stimuli that both participate in mutual entailment with some cannon third stimulus
Combinatorial Entailment
Any experiment designed to identify the active elements of a treatment condition, the relative contributions of different variables in a treatment package, and/or the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention
- This takes many forms, but the basic strategy is to compare levels of responding across successive phases in which the intervention is implemented with one or more components left out
Component Analysis
A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction
- The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements
Compound Schedule
Involves two or more verbal SDs (convergent multiple control) that each independently evoke behavior, but when they both occur in the same antecedent configuration, a different SD is generated, and a more specific behavior is evoked
Compound Verbal Discrimination
A stimulus class whose members share a common set of features
Concept
A complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli
Concept Formation
An experimental design in which participants are presented with two or more response options; each option is associated with a distinctive discriminative stimulus and leads to a different set of treatment procedures
Concurrent Chains Design
A schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors
Concurrent Schedule (conc)
Performance in a match to sample procedure in which discrimination between the comparison stimuli is conditional on, or depends on, the sample stimulus present on each trial
Conditional Discrimination
The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance; computed by calculating (a) the proportion of occurrences of behavior that were preceded by a specific antecedent variable and (b) the proportion of occurrences of problem behavior that were followed by a specific consequence
- These range from 0.0 to 1.0; the closer the conditional probability is to 1.0, the stronger the relationship is between the target behavior and the antecedent/consequence variables
Conditional Probability
A motivating operation whose value altering effect depends on a learning history
- For example, because of the relation between locked doors and keys, having to open a locked door is a CMO that makes keys more effective as reinforcers, and evokes behavior that has obtained such keys
Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO)
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers
Conditioned Negative Reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers
Conditioned Punisher
A learned stimulus response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (eg; sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (eg; salivation); each person’s repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)
Conditioned Reflex
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers
Conditioned Reinforcer
The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another CS
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization, usually written and signed, for release of such information
Confidentiality
A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially
Conflict of Interest
An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable
Confounding Variable
A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for two or more schedules of reinforcement
Conjunctive Schedule (conj)
A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest
- Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states, have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect
Consequence
A procedure for transferring stimulus contra from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli
- After the student has responded correctly to several 0 second delay trials, after which presentation of the response prompt follows the instructional stimulus by a predetermined and fixed delay (usually 3 or 4 seconds) for all subsequent trials
Constant Time Delay
The situation or context in which a stimulus (or stimulus class) occurs determines its function
- More specifically: a type of stimulus control requiring three levels of antecedent stimuli, such that the functions of the stimuli: in a conditional discrimination vary depending on the context
- This training requires a five term contingency
- It allows for the same stimuli to be members of more than one equivalence class, depending on the context
Contextual Control
Signals the type of relational responding that will be reinforced
Contextual Stimulus
Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables
Contingency
A mutually agreed upon document between parties (eg; parent and child) describing a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s)
Contingency Contract
Exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses
- For example, if behavior A results in reinforcement on an FR 1 schedule of reinforcement and behavior B results in reinforcement being withheld (extinction), a contingency reversal consists of changing the contingencies such that behavior a now results in extinction and behavior B results in reinforcement on an FR 1 schedule
Contingency Reversal
Behavior acquired by direct experience with contingencies
Contingency Shaped Behavior
Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred
Contingent
A graphic display of the probability of one event (eg; a particular consequence) given the occurrence (or not) of another event (eg; the presence or absence of a particular behavior)
- Contingencies are considered positive (ie; a specific consequence is more likely to occur), negative (ie; a specific consequence is less likely to occur), or neutral (ie; a specific consequence is neither more or less likely to occur)
Contingency Space Analysis
A procedure for implementing time out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost
Contingent Observation
Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period
Continuous Measurement
A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)
Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change
Contrived Contingency
Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalization setting
Contrived Mediating Stimulus
An elementary verbal operant involving a written response that is evoked by a written verbal discriminative stimulus that has formal similarity and a history of generalized reinforcement
Copying Text
A simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior
- The observation period, or counting time, should always be noted when reporting count measures
Count
Behavior evoked by coercion or aversive forms of external control; takes many forms, including escape, attack, passive resistance, “ an emotional reaction of anger or frustration including operant behavior which injures or is otherwise aversive to the controller”
Countercontrol
The period of time in which a count of the number of responses emitted is recorded
Counting Time
A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate
Cumulative Record
A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time; each time a response is emitted, a pen moves upward across paper that continuously moves at a constant speed
Cumulative Recorder
