sz2

Question 1

In the classification of schizophrenia, what are the 2 positive symptoms?

Answer 1

• HALLUCINATIONS- sensory experience in absence of real stimulus
• DELUSIONS- misinterpret sensory info: delusions of persecution + delusions of grandeur

Question 2

In the classification of schizophrenia, what are the 2 negative symptoms?

Answer 2

• SPEECH POVERTY- word salads, neologisms= creating new words
• AVOLITION- loss of motivation

Question 3

state the 2 issues in classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia

Answer 3

reliability

validity

Question 4

why are there issues in the reliability of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 4

one clinician may diagnose as schizo but another doesn’t) bc use different diagnostic manuals DSM + ICD

Question 5

in terms of the reliability of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia, what does lack of homogeneity?

Answer 5

• 2 people don’t share any symptoms but both diagnosed

Question 6

state and explain the 4 issues associated with the validity of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 6

o SYMPTOM OVERLAP makes it hard to diagnose accurately bc often share symptoms with bipolar
o COMORBIDITY have to decide which to treat
o CULTURAL BIAS white clinicians often diagnose Afro-Caribbean
o GENDER BIAS men diagnosed more than women

Question 7

what are 2 strengths of classification and diagnosing schizophrenia?

Answer 7

✔ Diagnosis can lead to treatments

✔ Diagnosis medicalises it so not seen as “crazy”

Question 8

what are the 3 biological explanations of schizophrenia?

Answer 8

genetics- caused by genes
dopamine- caused by excess dopamine receptors
neural correlates- caused by low prefrontal cortex activity

Question 9

what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of the biological genetics explanation for schizophrenia?

Answer 9

concordance rate MZ=47%

would be 100% if purely genetic

twins often share same env so could be due to env

Question 10

what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of the biological dopamine explanation?

Answer 10

✔ antipsychotics block dopamine receptors + reduce symptoms

✖ low dope increases symptom of avolition

✖ clozapine drug is most effective and it blocks serotonin as well

Question 11

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the biological neural correlates explanation?

Answer 11

✔ increased prefrontal cortex activity explains irrational behaviour

✖ cause + effect- does brain cause schizo or schizo cause brain?

Question 12

whats the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia?

Answer 12

double bind theory-mixed parental message- verbal vs non-verbal b different causing incoherent version of reality

high expressed emotion= hostility, criticism + over-involvement

Question 13

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia?

Answer 13

✔ focus on home life

✖ cause and effect- dysfunction cause schizo or schizo cause dysfunction?

✖ doesn’t’ account for bio factors

Question 14

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the cognitive explanation for schizophrenia?

Answer 14

✔evidence- Helmsey 2005 attention span shorter in sz bc can’t control automatic responses hence attention continually diverted

✖ whats happening, not why ✖ undeniable biological link

Question 15

whats the biological therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer 15

DRUG THERAPY
• TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS- e.g. chlorpromazine, bind to d2 receptor, preventing activation so no PS AP
• ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS e.g. clozapine + risperidone, risperidone= less side effects, last longer, clozapine= more effective, bad side effects- low white blood cells

Question 16

whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of biological therapies for schizophrenia?

Answer 16

✔ Cheap, effective, no motivation required

✖ Side effects= tremors, treats symptoms not cause

Question 17

State the 3 psychological therapies for schizophrenia.

Answer 17

CBT
Family therapy
Token economies

Question 18

describe CBT treatment for schizophrenia.

Answer 18

+ve self-talk, symptom targeting, coping strategy enhancement to decrease intensity, intensity, duration, qu beliefs, attention switching.

Question 19

give 1 strength and 1 limitation of using CBT to treat schizophrenia.

Answer 19

✔meta-analysis Jauhar found does have effect albeit small one

✖meta-analysis Zimmerman found only effective + drug therapy for +ve symptoms

Question 20

describe the family therapy treatment for schizophrenia.

Answer 20

info about cause and course, prob solve strategies, early relapse signs, reduce anger/guilt, communication

Question 21

give 1 strength and 1 limitation of using family therapy to treat schizophrenia.

Answer 21

✔pharoah et al meta-analysis found increased med compliance, decrease relapse rates, increase social functioning ✖time, cost, engagement and motivation required
✖ undeniable biological link

Question 22

How are token economies used to treat schizophrenia

Answer 22

token for appropriate behaviour e.g. getting out of bed used to obtain privilege e.g. watching tv

Question 23

Give 1 strength and 2 limitations of the token economies treatment for schizophrenia.

Answer 23

✔Dickerson (2005) beneficial effects reported in 11/13 studies

✖less effective in unstructured settings- immediate continuous reinforcement cannot be done easily
✖ don’t generalise to the outside world- no lasting change

Question 24

What is the interactionist approach to explaining schizophrenia?

Answer 24

acknowledge biological + psychological explanation

Question 25

what is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia?

Answer 25

both antipsychotics + CBT/family therapy