sz2 Flashcards
In the classification of schizophrenia, what are the 2 positive symptoms?
- HALLUCINATIONS- sensory experience in absence of real stimulus
- DELUSIONS- misinterpret sensory info: delusions of persecution + delusions of grandeur
In the classification of schizophrenia, what are the 2 negative symptoms?
- SPEECH POVERTY- word salads, neologisms= creating new words
- AVOLITION- loss of motivation
state the 2 issues in classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia
reliability
validity
why are there issues in the reliability of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia?
one clinician may diagnose as schizo but another doesn’t) bc use different diagnostic manuals DSM + ICD
in terms of the reliability of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia, what does lack of homogeneity?
• 2 people don’t share any symptoms but both diagnosed
state and explain the 4 issues associated with the validity of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia?
o SYMPTOM OVERLAP makes it hard to diagnose accurately bc often share symptoms with bipolar
o COMORBIDITY have to decide which to treat
o CULTURAL BIAS white clinicians often diagnose Afro-Caribbean
o GENDER BIAS men diagnosed more than women
what are 2 strengths of classification and diagnosing schizophrenia?
✔ Diagnosis can lead to treatments
✔ Diagnosis medicalises it so not seen as “crazy”
what are the 3 biological explanations of schizophrenia?
genetics- caused by genes
dopamine- caused by excess dopamine receptors
neural correlates- caused by low prefrontal cortex activity
what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of the biological genetics explanation for schizophrenia?
concordance rate MZ=47%
would be 100% if purely genetic
twins often share same env so could be due to env
what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of the biological dopamine explanation?
✔ antipsychotics block dopamine receptors + reduce symptoms
✖ low dope increases symptom of avolition
✖ clozapine drug is most effective and it blocks serotonin as well
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the biological neural correlates explanation?
✔ increased prefrontal cortex activity explains irrational behaviour
✖ cause + effect- does brain cause schizo or schizo cause brain?
whats the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia?
double bind theory-mixed parental message- verbal vs non-verbal b different causing incoherent version of reality
high expressed emotion= hostility, criticism + over-involvement
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia?
✔ focus on home life
✖ cause and effect- dysfunction cause schizo or schizo cause dysfunction?
✖ doesn’t’ account for bio factors
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the cognitive explanation for schizophrenia?
✔evidence- Helmsey 2005 attention span shorter in sz bc can’t control automatic responses hence attention continually diverted
✖ whats happening, not why ✖ undeniable biological link
whats the biological therapy for schizophrenia?
DRUG THERAPY
• TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS- e.g. chlorpromazine, bind to d2 receptor, preventing activation so no PS AP
• ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS e.g. clozapine + risperidone, risperidone= less side effects, last longer, clozapine= more effective, bad side effects- low white blood cells
whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of biological therapies for schizophrenia?
✔ Cheap, effective, no motivation required
✖ Side effects= tremors, treats symptoms not cause
State the 3 psychological therapies for schizophrenia.
CBT
Family therapy
Token economies
describe CBT treatment for schizophrenia.
+ve self-talk, symptom targeting, coping strategy enhancement to decrease intensity, intensity, duration, qu beliefs, attention switching.
give 1 strength and 1 limitation of using CBT to treat schizophrenia.
✔meta-analysis Jauhar found does have effect albeit small one
✖meta-analysis Zimmerman found only effective + drug therapy for +ve symptoms
describe the family therapy treatment for schizophrenia.
info about cause and course, prob solve strategies, early relapse signs, reduce anger/guilt, communication
give 1 strength and 1 limitation of using family therapy to treat schizophrenia.
✔pharoah et al meta-analysis found increased med compliance, decrease relapse rates, increase social functioning ✖time, cost, engagement and motivation required
✖ undeniable biological link
How are token economies used to treat schizophrenia
token for appropriate behaviour e.g. getting out of bed used to obtain privilege e.g. watching tv
Give 1 strength and 2 limitations of the token economies treatment for schizophrenia.
✔Dickerson (2005) beneficial effects reported in 11/13 studies
✖less effective in unstructured settings- immediate continuous reinforcement cannot be done easily
✖ don’t generalise to the outside world- no lasting change
What is the interactionist approach to explaining schizophrenia?
acknowledge biological + psychological explanation
what is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia?
both antipsychotics + CBT/family therapy
