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Question 1

How did Wilhelm Wundnt develop psychology?(4)

Answer 1

Empiricist- all knowledge is derived from senses
Laboratory- developed psych by presenting as science
Introspection- self analysis objective approach to it
Scientific- away from philosophy towards scientific

Question 2

2 bits of research evidence for classical conditioning? (2)

Answer 2

Pavlovs dogs: associate bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) producing salavation (conditioned resp)
Little albert: loud sound+rat= eventually feared the rat

Question 3

Give 2 strengths of research into classical conditioning (2)

Answer 3

application- recover from phobias
marketing
explains certain behaviours
exp method- reproducible
lab exp- establish cause and effect

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of operant conditioning? Give an example from Skinner’s research for each. (6)

Answer 4

Positive reinforcement: behaviour= pleasant consequence
(skinner gave rat food when pressed lever)
Negative reinforcement= b stops something unpleasant
(pressed lever, electric shocks stop)
Punishment- unpleasant consequence reduce behavior
(pressed lever caused electric shocks)

Question 5

What is the evidence for social learning theory?

Answer 5

Bandura bobo doll- child played violently with doll after watching adult do it

Question 6

What are 2 strengths of Bandura’s research?

Answer 6

ext var controlled i.e. gender of model

standard procedure= reproducible

Question 7

What is a schema?

Answer 7

A package of information or ideas developed through experience

Question 8

2 strengths of the cognitive approach. (2)

Answer 8

Contributes to AI field
lab exp-highly controlled
application- CBT + Depression

Question 9

What is the biological approach? (1)

Answer 9

the influence of biological structures on behaviour (genes, neurochemistry, hormones)

Question 10

give 2 strengths of the biological approach. (2)

Answer 10

Objective
replicable
treatment of depression with SSRI’s
scientific method

Question 11

According to Freud’s psychodynamic approach, what are the 3 parts to personality structure, and what do these mean? (3)

Answer 11

ID innate pleasure principle
EGO rational resolves conflict between other 2
SUPEREGO moral develop from same sex p age 5

Question 12

2 strengths of psychodynamic approach (4)

Answer 12

treat of problem rather than just symptoms
importance of childhood
nature (id ego superego) and nurture (childhood) into account
has claimed to be successful therapy

Question 13

2 limitations of psychodynamic (4)

Answer 13

unconscious is impossible to test
over sexualized
subjective- therapists interpretation
sexist- women often deemed hysterical

Question 14

Mediational processes determine whether a behaviour that is observed will actually be imitated.
What are the four mediational processes identified by Bandura?

Answer 14

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction (the ability to perform the behaviour)
Motivation (the will to perform the behaviour)

Question 15

What is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 15

Self actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety
Physiological needs

Question 16

Name 2 strengths of the humanistic approach

Answer 16

not reductionist-looks at whole person rather than reducing it down like the biological approach
real world application- person centered therapy, maslows hierarchy of needs
positive approach- its for everyone not just the mentally ill

Question 17

Name 2 weaknesses of the humanistic approach

Answer 17

lack of scientific experiments
self actualization is a vague concept
culturally specific concepts- western world
contains untestable concepts such as self actualization

Question 18

Give 2 limitations of research into classical conditioning (2)

Answer 18

testing humans=life long phobias
animal testing can’t be generalised
all must involve reflex action to measure

Question 19

What are the 4 key features of social learning theory? (4)

Answer 19

imitation-copying
modelling- copying role model
identification- associates self with model+ wants to be like them
vicarious reinforcement-learning through OTHERS being reinforced

Question 20

What are 2 limitations of banduras experiment?

Answer 20

Nothing else to do with doll

not generalize to adults- kids impressionable

Question 21

2 weaknesses of the cognitive approach?

Answer 21

discounts emotion and motivation because computer models =machine reductionism
ignores biology- hormones

Question 22

What is the cognitive approach the study of?

Answer 22

internal mental processes

Question 23

2 weaknesses of the biological approach

Answer 23

Claims casual conclusions which may not be true; just because serotonin aids depression doesn’t mean depression is caused by a lack of it
deterministic

Question 24

According to the psychodynamic approach, what are the 3 defense mechanisms and what do these mean? (3)

Answer 24

REPRESSION forcing out of conscious
DENIAL refusal to accept reality
DISPLACEMENT transferring feelings elsewhere

Question 25

According to the psychodynamic approach, what are the 5 psychosexual stages and what do these mean? (5)

Answer 25

ORAL- baby sucking
ANAL- 3, toilet training
PHALLIC- 3- 6, aware of genitals, oedipus complex
LATENCY- 6 sexual energy goes underground
GENITAL- puberty+ goes through adulthood