2rm Flashcards
What are the 4 types of experiment?
describe them
lab- controlled exp
field- natural env, researcher does manipulate IV
natural- change is made, but not by researcher
quasi- observe variables that already exist
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of lab exp
control ext var
lacks mundane realism decrease eco val
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of field exp
realistic, natural behaviour
cant control ext var
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of natural exp
allows research where cant change IV bc ethics
no iv manipulated, hard to establish cause and effect
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of quasi
compare types of people- old and young
no IV manipulated, hard to establish cause and effect
What are the three types of observation
describe them
naturalistic vs controlled- no interference vs lab exp
covert vs overt- dont know vs do know being observed
participant vs non participant- observer does vs doesnt participate in exp
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of natural observation
no demand ch, high eco val
no iv manipulated =, hard cause and effect
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of controlled observation
c and e
artificial
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of covert observation
decrease demand ch
unethical
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of participant observation
can collect qualitative data
have to rely on memory
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of non-participant observation
less likely demand ch
more detached, less easy to understand
what are the 2 self-report techniques
questionnaire
interview- unstructured + structured
what numbers is a correlation coefficient between
-1 and +1
what are the 4 things to avoid when creating a questionnaire
ambiguity
double negatives
bias
leading qus
what should you use to check a questionnaire before putting it in a study?
a pilot study
define content analysis
analyse qualitative data
by looking for themes
and grouping into categories
which can be coded, counted and compared
what is a case study
in depth study of individual/small group
producing qualitative data
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of case studies
produce qualitative in depth rich data
may not generalise to wider population, cant replicate
what is a null hypothesis
stating there will be no effect/association correlation
its due to chance
whats the difference between population and sample?
population= the people you're interested in studying sample= the people you actually study
how would you do a random sample?
write down
put in container
name drawn at random and assigned to group 1
second drawn and assigned to group 2
continue process until (half) in both
what is systematic sampling?
predetermined system to select ps
e.g. every third one
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of random samplin
unbiased
may not be fully representative
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of systematic sampling?
unbiased
?
what is stratified sampling
sample ps in proportion to occurance in population
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of stratified sampling
representative/proportional
time consuming
What is oppertunity sampling?
select ps bassed on their availability
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of oppertunity sampling
quick easy
in same place at same time, likely not random
what is volunteer sampling?
ps volunteer to take part
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of volunteer sampling
?
May all have common e.g. all extravents
what is a pilot study and what is its purpose?
small scale study, before main one
to check/improve design/procedure
what are the 3 types of experimental design?
repeated measures
independent groups
matched pairs
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of repeated measures
no p variables
order effects
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of independant groups design?
no order effects
more ps needed (need 1 for each condition)
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of matched pairs design?
limits participant variables
time consuming, difficult to perfect matches
what are the 2 types of observational design?
time sampling
event sampling
what are behavioural categories?
operationalising behaviour
what is the difference between time sampling and event sampling?
time= record b in given time frame event= count number of times certain b occur****
what are the iv dv and control variables?
iv-what you change
dv- what you measure
cv- what you keep the same
define extraneous variables
factors other than the iv that may affect the dv if not control for
what is the name for an extraneous variable that does affect the results/dv?
confounding variable
what does ‘operationalising variables’ mean?
objective definition of variables
enabling easy replication
+ quantitative data
what are demand characteristics? how would you contnrol for them?
ps alter b bc being observed
reduced by single blind technique
what are investigator effects? how do we control for them?
researcher sactions may affect findings bc they know aims and expectations
reduce by double blind technique + standardised procedures
what are the 5 ethical issues?
deception informed consent protection fron harm right to withdraw confidentiality
what is peer review?
other psychologists working in similar field
check research before published
consider validity origionality significance
give 2 examples of implications of psychological research for the economy
ssri’s= good
bowlby=bad
what are the 2 ways of assessing reliability?
test-retest method= same ps same test on 2 occasions
inter-observer reliability= check consistency of 2 independant researchers results
what is reliability?
the consistency of measurements
same result again and again
(replicability leads to reliability)
what are the four types of validity?
face
concurrent
ecological
temporal
what are the 4 features of science?
objectivity+empirical method
replicability+falsifiability
theory construction+hypothesiis testing
paradigms+paradigm shifts
what is falsifiability?
being able to be proven false
what is a paradigm? does psychology have a paradigm?
a shared set of methods/assumptions- psychology doesn’t have a paradigm bc it has conflicting approaches
what are the 6 sections of a scientific report?
abstractintro method results discussion referencing
define quantitative data
objective numerical
define qualitative data
language, verbal written descriptions
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of quantitative data?
can use stats
harder to apply to real life
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of qualitative data?
detailed, increase external validity
hard to analyse, sometimes subjective
what is primary data
first hand data
collected by the researcher
specifically for the research bein carried out
what are the 3 measures of central tendancy?
mean
median
mode
what are the 2 measures of dispersion?
range
standard deviation
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of range
easy to calculate
affected by extremes
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of standard deviation
most sensitive measure, unaffected by extremes
complicated to complicate
what are the 3 levels of measurement?
nominal - categories
ordinal - numerical, can be ordered, intervals between numbers aren’t the same
interval- on a scale
what is content analysis?
method of analysing qualitative data (from observations and interviews)
by looking for themes and grouping into categories
which can be coded counted and compared
what is a type 1 error
claiming the results are significant when theyre not; theyre actually due to chance
what is a type 2 error
claiming the results aren’t significant when they are
describe how you would conduct a thematic analysis. (4)
identify themes
(give example of theme)
repeatedly listen to segments of the recording
count the number of occurrences of each of the categories/themes.
what correlation do researchers usually accept as having reliability?
0.8
name all of the deterministic approaches.
behaviourist slt cognitive biological psychodynamic
what type of determinism is the behaviourist approach?
environmental
how is slt soft determinism?
because you choose your models
but its environmentally deterministic bc your models behaviour determines your behaviour
which side of the nature-nurture debate is the behaviourist approach and why?
nurture
association + reinforcement
which side of the nature-nurture debate is the cognitive approach and why?
both
brain innate structures e.g. schema + stimuli that affect them
which side of the nature-nurture debate is the psychodynamic approach and why?
both
instinct + parents
name all the approaches that are nomothetic
behaviourism
slt
cognitive
biological
name all the approaches that are idiographic
psychodynamic
humanistic
how is the behaviourist approach reductionist?
reduces behaviour to stimulus and response
is social learning theory reductionist or holistic?
reductionist
ignores motivation and emotion
how is the cognitive approach reductionist?
machine reductionism
which two approaches are holistic?
psychodynamic
humanistic
