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2rm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of experiment?

describe them

A

lab- controlled exp
field- natural env, researcher does manipulate IV
natural- change is made, but not by researcher
quasi- observe variables that already exist

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2
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of lab exp

A

control ext var

lacks mundane realism decrease eco val

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3
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of field exp

A

realistic, natural behaviour

cant control ext var

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4
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of natural exp

A

allows research where cant change IV bc ethics

no iv manipulated, hard to establish cause and effect

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5
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of quasi

A

compare types of people- old and young

no IV manipulated, hard to establish cause and effect

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6
Q

What are the three types of observation

describe them

A

naturalistic vs controlled- no interference vs lab exp
covert vs overt- dont know vs do know being observed
participant vs non participant- observer does vs doesnt participate in exp

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7
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of natural observation

A

no demand ch, high eco val

no iv manipulated =, hard cause and effect

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8
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of controlled observation

A

c and e

artificial

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9
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of covert observation

A

decrease demand ch

unethical

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10
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of participant observation

A

can collect qualitative data

have to rely on memory

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11
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of non-participant observation

A

less likely demand ch

more detached, less easy to understand

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12
Q

what are the 2 self-report techniques

A

questionnaire

interview- unstructured + structured

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13
Q

what numbers is a correlation coefficient between

A

-1 and +1

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14
Q

what are the 4 things to avoid when creating a questionnaire

A

ambiguity
double negatives
bias
leading qus

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15
Q

what should you use to check a questionnaire before putting it in a study?

A

a pilot study

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16
Q

define content analysis

A

analyse qualitative data
by looking for themes
and grouping into categories
which can be coded, counted and compared

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17
Q

what is a case study

A

in depth study of individual/small group

producing qualitative data

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18
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of case studies

A

produce qualitative in depth rich data

may not generalise to wider population, cant replicate

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19
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

stating there will be no effect/association correlation

its due to chance

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20
Q

whats the difference between population and sample?

A 
population= the people you're interested in studying
sample= the people you actually study
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21
Q

how would you do a random sample?

A

write down

put in container

name drawn at random and assigned to group 1

second drawn and assigned to group 2

continue process until (half) in both

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22
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

predetermined system to select ps

e.g. every third one

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23
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of random samplin

A

unbiased

may not be fully representative

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24
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of systematic sampling?

A

unbiased

?

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25
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

sample ps in proportion to occurance in population

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26
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of stratified sampling

A

representative/proportional

time consuming

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27
Q

What is oppertunity sampling?

A

select ps bassed on their availability

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28
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of oppertunity sampling

A

quick easy

in same place at same time, likely not random

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29
Q

what is volunteer sampling?

A

ps volunteer to take part

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30
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of volunteer sampling

A

?

May all have common e.g. all extravents

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31
Q

what is a pilot study and what is its purpose?

A

small scale study, before main one

to check/improve design/procedure

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32
Q

what are the 3 types of experimental design?

A

repeated measures
independent groups
matched pairs

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33
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of repeated measures

A

no p variables

order effects

34
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of independant groups design?

A

no order effects

more ps needed (need 1 for each condition)

35
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of matched pairs design?

A

limits participant variables

time consuming, difficult to perfect matches

36
Q

what are the 2 types of observational design?

A

time sampling

event sampling

37
Q

what are behavioural categories?

A

operationalising behaviour

38
Q

what is the difference between time sampling and event sampling?

A 
time= record b in given time frame
event= count number of times certain b occur****
39
Q

what are the iv dv and control variables?

A

iv-what you change
dv- what you measure
cv- what you keep the same

40
Q

define extraneous variables

A

factors other than the iv that may affect the dv if not control for

41
Q

what is the name for an extraneous variable that does affect the results/dv?

A

confounding variable

42
Q

what does ‘operationalising variables’ mean?

A

objective definition of variables
enabling easy replication
+ quantitative data

43
Q

what are demand characteristics? how would you contnrol for them?

A

ps alter b bc being observed

reduced by single blind technique

44
Q

what are investigator effects? how do we control for them?

A

researcher sactions may affect findings bc they know aims and expectations
reduce by double blind technique + standardised procedures

45
Q

what are the 5 ethical issues?

A 
deception
informed consent
protection fron harm
right to withdraw
confidentiality
46
Q

what is peer review?

A

other psychologists working in similar field
check research before published
consider validity origionality significance

47
Q

give 2 examples of implications of psychological research for the economy

A

ssri’s= good

bowlby=bad

48
Q

what are the 2 ways of assessing reliability?

A

test-retest method= same ps same test on 2 occasions

inter-observer reliability= check consistency of 2 independant researchers results

49
Q

what is reliability?

A

the consistency of measurements
same result again and again
(replicability leads to reliability)

50
Q

what are the four types of validity?

A

face
concurrent
ecological
temporal

51
Q

what are the 4 features of science?

A

objectivity+empirical method
replicability+falsifiability
theory construction+hypothesiis testing
paradigms+paradigm shifts

52
Q

what is falsifiability?

A

being able to be proven false

53
Q

what is a paradigm? does psychology have a paradigm?

A

a shared set of methods/assumptions- psychology doesn’t have a paradigm bc it has conflicting approaches

54
Q

what are the 6 sections of a scientific report?

A 
abstractintro
method
results
discussion
referencing
55
Q

define quantitative data

A

objective numerical

56
Q

define qualitative data

A

language, verbal written descriptions

57
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of quantitative data?

A

can use stats

harder to apply to real life

58
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of qualitative data?

A

detailed, increase external validity

hard to analyse, sometimes subjective

59
Q

what is primary data

A

first hand data
collected by the researcher
specifically for the research bein carried out

60
Q

what are the 3 measures of central tendancy?

A

mean
median
mode

61
Q

what are the 2 measures of dispersion?

A

range

standard deviation

62
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of range

A

easy to calculate

affected by extremes

63
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of standard deviation

A

most sensitive measure, unaffected by extremes

complicated to complicate

64
Q

what are the 3 levels of measurement?

A

nominal - categories
ordinal - numerical, can be ordered, intervals between numbers aren’t the same
interval- on a scale

65
Q

what is content analysis?

A

method of analysing qualitative data (from observations and interviews)
by looking for themes and grouping into categories
which can be coded counted and compared

66
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

claiming the results are significant when theyre not; theyre actually due to chance

67
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

claiming the results aren’t significant when they are

68
Q

describe how you would conduct a thematic analysis. (4)

A

identify themes

(give example of theme)

repeatedly listen to segments of the recording

count the number of occurrences of each of the categories/themes.

69
Q

what correlation do researchers usually accept as having reliability?

A

0.8

70
Q

name all of the deterministic approaches.

A 
behaviourist
slt
cognitive
biological
psychodynamic
71
Q

what type of determinism is the behaviourist approach?

A

environmental

72
Q

how is slt soft determinism?

A

because you choose your models

but its environmentally deterministic bc your models behaviour determines your behaviour

73
Q

which side of the nature-nurture debate is the behaviourist approach and why?

A

nurture

association + reinforcement

74
Q

which side of the nature-nurture debate is the cognitive approach and why?

A

both

brain innate structures e.g. schema + stimuli that affect them

75
Q

which side of the nature-nurture debate is the psychodynamic approach and why?

A

both

instinct + parents

76
Q

name all the approaches that are nomothetic

A

behaviourism
slt
cognitive
biological

77
Q

name all the approaches that are idiographic

A

psychodynamic

humanistic

78
Q

how is the behaviourist approach reductionist?

A

reduces behaviour to stimulus and response

79
Q

is social learning theory reductionist or holistic?

A

reductionist

ignores motivation and emotion

80
Q

how is the cognitive approach reductionist?

A

machine reductionism

81
Q

which two approaches are holistic?

A

psychodynamic

humanistic

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