Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

P > Sz > Flashcards

Sz Flashcards

1
Q

List the four positive symptoms of schizophrenia and explain them, ten give examples (12)

A

Delusions- misinterpreting sensory info e.g. delusions of persecution and grandeur
hallucinations- sensory experience in absence of real stimulus e.g. visual auditory tactile
Disorganised speech- e.g. word salads, neologisms (creating new words)
Disorganised behaviour- Catatonia violating social norms, muscular rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the 3 main issues involved in classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia (3)

A

Reliability- diagnosis vary between clinicians because 2 different diagnostic manuels DSM ICD
Validity- difficult to accurately diagnose because there is symptom overlap
Labelling-diagnosis can do more harm than good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the issue of symptom overlap?

A

May be incorrectly diagnosed so incorrectly treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is comorbidity an issue?

A

Have to decide which to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is lack of homogeneity between two schizophrenics?

A

Two people diagnosed with schizo that don’t share any symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Advantage of diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

Aetiology - want to find cause and course
Treatment- lead to treatment programme
Medicalise- diagnosis medicalises disorder instead of being “crazy person” being someone with mental disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 biological explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Genetics (concordance rates in families, twins, adoption studies)
Dopamine (excess of dopamine activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 strengths of the dopamine hypothesis

A

drugs that increase dopamine levels (amphetamines) do produce psychotic symptoms
Antipsychotic drugs reduce schizophrenia by blocking dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 weaknesses of the dopamine hypothesis

A

LOW levels of dopamine can cause symptoms of schizophrenia like avolition
antipsychotics arent effective for all schizophrenics so dopamine can’t be the only cause
Clozapine is the most effective drug and it acts on serotonin as well so dopamine can’t be the only cause
It is reductionist because it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give 2 strengths of the genetic explanation for schizophrenia.

A

Concordance rate MZ twins 48%

Adoption studies also 58%- not down to environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 psychological explanations for schizophrenia.

A

Cognitive

Family dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the psychological cognitive explanation for schizophrenia suggest?

A 
Schizophrenia is because of dysfunctional thought processes
Impaired mental processed like thinking language and attention
Egocentric bias (relate irrelevant things to self so incorrect conclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evidence for the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia. (1)

A

Helmsey 2005 found attention span shorter in schizophrenics, because can’t control automatic responses so attention continually diverted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 Limitations of cognitive explanation for schizophrenia

A

Explains whats happening not why (causality)
Explains positive symptoms not negative
Undeniable biological link

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 strengths of cognitive explanation

A

Explains what is happening
Effective in treatment of schizophrenia, CBT
Accepts biological influence
evidence-Helmsey 2005 found attention span shorter in schizophrenics, because can’t control automatic responses so attention continually diverted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the psychological family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia, what is the double bind theory?

A

Schizo caused by mixed parental messages
Contradiction between verbal and non verbal behaviour
Causes incoherant version of reality causing delusions and disorganised behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia?

A

Broad approach- acknowledging biological and psychological

Diathesis stress model

18
Q

What is the diathesis stress model? (1)

A

Says both genetic vulnerability and a stress trigger are needed

19
Q

What are the two biological drug therapies for schizophrenia? (2)

A

Typical antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics

20
Q

How do typical antipsychotics work? (4)

A

bind to dopamine receptor d2
doesn’t trigger post synaptic response
prevents activation of dopamine receptor
can’t trigger post synaptic action potential

21
Q

How do atypical antipsychotics differ from typical antipsychotics? (3)

A

binds to d2 receptor more strongly than typical
effective in smaller doses
also effects serotonin
Atypical address negative symptoms also

22
Q

Weakness of antipsychotics. (3)

A

only treats symptoms not cause
side effects- tremors dizziness
cost-benefit analysis- symptoms maybe better than side effects

23
Q

What is the psychological therapy for schizophrenia?

A

A form of CBT called CSE

24
Q

What does CSE stand for

A

Coping strategy enhancement

25
Q

Strength of CSE to treat schiophrenia?

A

Meta analysis Jauhar 2014 found it does have an effect albeit a small one

26
Q

Weakness of CSE to treat schizophrenia (1)

A

meta analysis Zimmerman 2005 only effective for positive symptoms and on top of drug therapy.

27
Q

What are some features of family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia? (4)

A 
Information on cause course and symptoms
Problem solving strategies
Constructive ways of communicating
Early signs of relapse
Reduce stress of caring
Improve ability to anticipate and solve problems
Reduce anger and guilt
Balance caring and own lives
28
Q

Who researched into the effectiveness of family therapy and what 4 things did they find?

A

Pharoah et all 2010-Meta analysis 53 studies
reduction in relapse rates
Increased compliance with medication
Improvement in social functioning (didnt effect employment or independently living)
Some improve mental state some didn’t

29
Q

What are four shared limitations of both family therapy and the CBT CSE? (4)

A 
Time
Cost
Require engagement motivation
Useful as adjacentgenetics to drug therapy
Doesn't address cause/genetics
30
Q

What approach is token economy a part of?

A

Behaviourist

31
Q

What does token economy involve?

A

Give tokens for behaving appropriately e.g. getting out of bed in the morning, and these can be used to obtain various privileges such as watching tv

32
Q

What is the effectiveness of token economy like? (5)

A

Sultana (2009) only 1 of 3 studies improved behaviour
Dickerson (2005) beneficial effects reported in 11/13 studies
less effective in unstructured settings- immediate continuous reinforcement cannot be done easily
short lasting superficial changes don’t generalise to the outside world- no lasting change
only used in management not cure of schizophrenia

33
Q

What is the appropriateness of using token economy to treat schizophrenia like? (2)

A

Good for motivation/engagement

Bad for severer cases like hallucinating/lack of emotion

34
Q

What is an ethical implication with the use of token economy?

A

more severe schizophrenics may be unable to comply e.g. cant stop hallucinations
so severely ill would suffer most discrimination at no fault of their own

35
Q

Give an example of typical antipsychotics

A

chlorpromazine

36
Q

Give an example of atypical antipsychotics

A

risperidone

37
Q

What’s an issue with studying twin concordance rates and how can you overcome that?

A

Twins often share same environment (can’t be sure similarity is a result of environment as well as genes)

Can control for environment using adoption studies

38
Q

What’s the issue of using adoption studies to control for environment in studying the concordance rate between MZ twins?

A

Small sample- schizophrenic twins seperated by adoption are rare.

39
Q

What does the family dysfunction explanation of schizophrenia suggest? (3)

A

schizophrenia is due to family experiences of conflict/ communication problems/ criticism/ control
Double bind theory
High expressed emotiom

40
Q

what is the neural correlates explanation for schizophrenia? (1)

A

There is a correlation between brain structure and function and symptoms of schizophrenia.

41
Q

Give 2 limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. (3)

A

Ethics- parents feel at fault
Can’t show cause and effect- family dysfunction may be cause of child’s behaviour
Family dysfunction may be trigger, but main cause biological

42
Q

What does using CBT to treat schizophrenia involve? (3)

A

Challenging beliefs
Positive self talk
Symptom targeting

P (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions