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Biops Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two components of the central nervous system

A

Brain

Spinal chord

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2
Q

Name the two components of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Name two ways in which the somatic nervous system differs from the autonomic nervous system.

A

Somatic controls voluntary actions

Somatic receives info from senses and to CNS whereas autonomic takes to and from organs

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system break down into? (2)

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

What is the difference between the SNS and ParaSNS?

A

SNS- emergencies=fight or flight

ParaSNS- after emergencies=rest and digest

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in emergencies? (6)

A 
increase heart rate
increase breathing rate
inhibits digestion
inhibits saliva production
contracts rectum
dilates pupils
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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do after emergencies? (6)

A 
decreases heart rate
decreases breathing rate
stimulates digestion
stimulates saliva production
relaxes rectum
constricts pupils
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8
Q

What is the pineal glands function? (2)

A

releases melatonin

biological rhythms like sleep-wake cycle

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9
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus? (1)

A

stimulates and releases hormones from the pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland? (2)

A

master gland

because hormones from this gland stimulate release of hormones from other glands

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11
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla? (2)

A

releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

the key hormone in the flight or fight response

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12
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex? (2)

A

releases cortisol

which stimulates the release of glucose to provide the body with energy while suppressing the immune system

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13
Q

What is the function of the thyroid? (2)

A

releases thyroxine

responsible for regulating metabolism

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of excitatory neurotransmitters (2)

A

acetylcholine

noradrenaline

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15
Q

give 2 examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters (2)

A

serotonin

GABA

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16
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain? (4)

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

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17
Q

Name three things the left hemisphere controlls. (3)

A

analytical tasks
language
right sight of body
right visual field of both eyes

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18
Q

Name three things controlled by right hemisphere. (3)

A 
visual-motor tasks
face recognition
imagination
emotion language content
music
left side of body
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19
Q

Which area of the brain is involved in production of language?

A

Broca’s area

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20
Q

Which ares of the brain is involved in understanding language?

A

Werenicke’s area

21
Q

What would Werenicke’s aphasia cause you to do?

A

Not understand language, even though you’re able to produce it.

22
Q

Which lobe is the Bronca’s area?

A

Frontal, left

23
Q

Which lobe is werenickes area?

A

Temporal, left

24
Q

Which lobe is motor area?

A

Frontal

25
Q

Which lobe is the somatosensory area in?

A

Parietal

26
Q

Which lobe is the visual area?

A

Occipital

27
Q

Which lobe is the auditory area?

A

Temporal

28
Q

Which hemisphere controls language and analytical tasks?

A

Left

29
Q

Which hemisphere controls facial recognition, drawing, visual motor tasks?

A

Right

30
Q

What are the four basic EGG patterns and what do they show? (4)

A

Alpha- awake but relaxed
Beta- awake and excited
Theta- light sleep
Delta- deep sleep

31
Q

What was the aim of Sperry’s experiment?

A

To demonstrate that hemispheres have different functions/abilities

32
Q

What are four main ways of studying the brain?

A

fmri
electroencephalogram
event related potentials
post-mortem examination

33
Q

What is an ERP? (3)

A

Recording electrical aactivity
brainwave triggered by particular stimulus
uses statistical averaging techniques to filter out extraneous brain activity

34
Q

What are the 3 biological rhythms and what are they? Give examples. (9)

A

Circadian- once a day- sleep/wake cycle
Infradian- less than once a day- menstrual cycle
Ultradian- more than once a day- movements of beach living algae with the tides

35
Q

Who was it that spent 6 months in a cave to investigate circadian rhythms?

A

Siffre 1975

36
Q

What are exogenous zeitgebers?

A

External factors in environment which reset out biological clocks through a process known as entrainment.

37
Q

What is an example of one of the primary endogenous pacemakers in mammals, influential in maintaining circadian rhythms?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is one of the primary endogenous pacemakers.

38
Q

Give 1 strength and 1 weakness of fMRI scans.

A

Non invasive/more objective than verbal reports

Not direct measure of activity, just blood flow/only focuses on localisation not networked nature of brain.

39
Q

Give 1 strength and 1 weakness of EEG.

A

In real time rather than a still image/usefulin clinical diagnosis
Can’t reveal what’s happening deeper e.g. in hypothalamus/doesn’t pinpoint where activity is

40
Q

What are infradian rhythms?

A

A cyclical change that occurs less than once a day

41
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

A cyclical change that occurs more than once a day

42
Q

What did siffre find in his research into circadian rhythms? And what was the conclusion? (2)

A

Originally chaotic. Then settled 24.9 hour rhythm.
Evidence for endogenous pacemakers being longer than 24 hours, suggesting exogenous zeitbeiters are needed to keep synchronized with 24hr environment

43
Q

What study suggests we need endogenous pacemakers?

A

De coursey 2000 removed SCN of 30 chipmunks and their sleep wake cycle disappeared.

44
Q

What is evidence into exogenous zeitbegers and what did they find? (2)

A

Chang 2014

Using light emmiting device before bed took longer to sleep than using book

45
Q

Describe the process of synaptic transmission (4)

A

electrical impulses (action potentials) reach the presynaptic terminal
• electrical impulses (action potentials) trigger release of neurotransmitters (or named
example)
• neurotransmitters cross the synapse from vesicles
• neurotransmitters combine with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
• stimulation of postsynaptic receptors by neurotransmitters result in either excitation
(depolarisation) or inhibition (hyperpolarisation) of the postsynaptic membrane.

46
Q

Name one difference between EEGs and ERPs. (2)

A

EEG is a recording of general brain activity
whilst ERPs are elicited by specific stimuli presented to
the participant.

47
Q

Using knowledge of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers, why is it bad to work night shifts?

A

means endogenous pacemakers try to impose inbuilt rhythm of sleep, so are out of synchrony with the zeitgeber of light

48
Q

State 2 limitations of Sperry’s experiment. (2)

A
  • the disconnection between the hemispheres was greater in some patients than others
  • some patients had experienced drug therapy for much longer than others
49
Q

List the effects of adrenaline in the body in the fight or flight response. (4)

A

– increase heart rate
– constricts blood vessels, increasing rate of blood flow and raising blood pressure
– diverts blood away from the skin, kidneys and digestive system
– increases blood to brain and skeletal muscle
– increases respiration and sweating
 The general effects of adrenaline
– prepare the body for action, fight or flight,
– increase blood supply/oxygen, to skeletal muscle for physical action
– increase oxygen to brain for rapid response planning

P (18 decks)

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