ap2 Flashcards
what are the 3 features of Wudnt’s development of psychology?
- Empiricist- all knowledge is derived from senses
- Laboratory- developed psych by presenting it as a science
- Introspection- (self-analysis) objective approach to it
briefly, what is classical conditioning? what approach is it from?
learning by association
behaviourist
what was pavlovs dogs experiment?
• Pavlov’s dogs: bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) producing salivation (unconditioned response). Eventually associate bell to food (conditioned stimulus) producing salivation (conditioned response)
what is 1 strength and one limitation of classical conditioning?
✔ Application- recover phobias
✖ Animal study- can’t generalise to humans
briefly, what is operant conditioning? what approach is it from?
learning by consequence
behaviourist approach
what are the 3 types of reinforcement and how did skinner research each?
- Positive reinforcement- b cause good consequence (Skinner gave food when pressed lever)
- Negative reinforcement- b stops something unpleasant (pressed lever, electrics stop)
- Punishment- b causes undesirable consequence (pressed lever caused electrics)
whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of operant conditioning?
✔ Exp method- reproducible
✖ Unethical, animal study
what are the 5 factors of Social learning theory? state what these mean
IMITATION- copying behaviour of others
IDENTIFICATION- observer associates themselves with role model and wants to be like them
MODELLING- imitating the b of the role model
VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT- reinforcement that occurs by observing others being reinforced
ROLE OF MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES: (cognitive factors that intervene in learning process to determine whether b is acquired or not)
what are the 4 mediational processes?
- Attention- whether b is noticed
- Retention- whether b is remembered
- Motor reproduction- whether able to perform b
- Motivation- whether there’s will to perform b
what were the findings of banduras bobo doll experiment?
• Child played violently with doll after watching adult do it
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the bobo doll experiment?
✔ Ext vars controlled- gender of model, standard procedure, replicable
✖ Nothing else to do with doll, can’t generalise to adult bc children impressionable
what are the 4features of the cognitive approach?
STUDY OF INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES- input process output
ROLE OF SCHEMA- package of info/ideas derived from experience
USE OF THEORETICAL AND COMPUTER MODELS TO
EXPLAIN AND MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT MENTAL PROCESSES
EMERGENCE OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE- how brain structures affect mental processes
whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of the cognitive approach?
✔ Lab exps- highly controlled, application- CBT for depression
✖ Machine reductionism- discounts emotion
what are the 6 features of the biological approach?
- INFLUENCE OF GENES- e.g. schizophrenia concordance rate MZ twins 48%
- INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
- INFLUENCE OF NEUROCHEMISTRY- neurotransmitter imbalance e.g. low serotonin= OCD
- GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE- genotype= genes someone possesses, phenotype= features determined by their genes
- GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR- b can be inherited
- EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR- adaptive evolutionarily adv characteristics influence b
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the biological approach?
✔ Objective + repeatable, application- SSRI’s
✖ deterministic, may treat symptoms not cause, claims things that may not be true, just because increase dopamine aids depression, doesn’t mean depression is caused by lack of dopamine.
