ap2 Flashcards
what are the 3 features of Wudnt’s development of psychology?
- Empiricist- all knowledge is derived from senses
- Laboratory- developed psych by presenting it as a science
- Introspection- (self-analysis) objective approach to it
briefly, what is classical conditioning? what approach is it from?
learning by association
behaviourist
what was pavlovs dogs experiment?
• Pavlov’s dogs: bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) producing salivation (unconditioned response). Eventually associate bell to food (conditioned stimulus) producing salivation (conditioned response)
what is 1 strength and one limitation of classical conditioning?
✔ Application- recover phobias
✖ Animal study- can’t generalise to humans
briefly, what is operant conditioning? what approach is it from?
learning by consequence
behaviourist approach
what are the 3 types of reinforcement and how did skinner research each?
- Positive reinforcement- b cause good consequence (Skinner gave food when pressed lever)
- Negative reinforcement- b stops something unpleasant (pressed lever, electrics stop)
- Punishment- b causes undesirable consequence (pressed lever caused electrics)
whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of operant conditioning?
✔ Exp method- reproducible
✖ Unethical, animal study
what are the 5 factors of Social learning theory? state what these mean
IMITATION- copying behaviour of others
IDENTIFICATION- observer associates themselves with role model and wants to be like them
MODELLING- imitating the b of the role model
VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT- reinforcement that occurs by observing others being reinforced
ROLE OF MEDIATIONAL PROCESSES: (cognitive factors that intervene in learning process to determine whether b is acquired or not)
what are the 4 mediational processes?
- Attention- whether b is noticed
- Retention- whether b is remembered
- Motor reproduction- whether able to perform b
- Motivation- whether there’s will to perform b
what were the findings of banduras bobo doll experiment?
• Child played violently with doll after watching adult do it
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the bobo doll experiment?
✔ Ext vars controlled- gender of model, standard procedure, replicable
✖ Nothing else to do with doll, can’t generalise to adult bc children impressionable
what are the 4features of the cognitive approach?
STUDY OF INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES- input process output
ROLE OF SCHEMA- package of info/ideas derived from experience
USE OF THEORETICAL AND COMPUTER MODELS TO
EXPLAIN AND MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT MENTAL PROCESSES
EMERGENCE OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE- how brain structures affect mental processes
whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of the cognitive approach?
✔ Lab exps- highly controlled, application- CBT for depression
✖ Machine reductionism- discounts emotion
what are the 6 features of the biological approach?
- INFLUENCE OF GENES- e.g. schizophrenia concordance rate MZ twins 48%
- INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
- INFLUENCE OF NEUROCHEMISTRY- neurotransmitter imbalance e.g. low serotonin= OCD
- GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE- genotype= genes someone possesses, phenotype= features determined by their genes
- GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR- b can be inherited
- EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR- adaptive evolutionarily adv characteristics influence b
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the biological approach?
✔ Objective + repeatable, application- SSRI’s
✖ deterministic, may treat symptoms not cause, claims things that may not be true, just because increase dopamine aids depression, doesn’t mean depression is caused by lack of dopamine.
what dies the psychodynamic approach state about the unconscious mind? (2)
the driving force behind behaviour is the unconscious mind.
Mind consists of conscious, preconscious, unconscious
what does the psychodynamic state the structur of the personality is?
- ID- innate at birth, pleasure principle, libido
- EGO- rational, resolves conflicts between id and superego, age 2
- SUPEREGO- right + wrong, moral principle, develop from same sex parent age 5
what are the 3 psychodynamic defense mechanisms?
- REPRESSION- forcing out of conscious
- DENIAL- refusal to accept reality
- DISPLACEMENT- transferring feelings onto something else
what are the 5 psychodynamic psychosexual stages?
- ORAL- baby, sucking
- ANAL- age 3, toilet training
- PHALLIC- 6, aware of genitals, Oedipus complex
- LATENCY- 6-puberty, sexual energy goes underground
- GENITAL- puberty, continues through adulthood
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the psychodynamic appraoch?
✔ treat cause not symptom, importance childhood, nature (id etc.) and nurture (childhood)
✖ Unconscious can’t test, gender bias, time consuming, subjective therapist interpretation
is the humanistic approach siding with free will or determinism?
free will
what are the 5 components of maslows hierarchy of needs?
- Self-actualisation
- Esteem
- Love & belonging
- Safety
- Physiological needs
what does congruence mean within the humanistic approach? what does this suggest about ability to self-actualise?
(how far your perceived self is similar to your ideal self)
• Self-image is similar to ideal self = person can self-actualise
• Self-image is different to ideal self = difficult to self-actualise
what does ‘conditions of worth’ refer to in the humanistic approach?
CONDITIONS OF WORTH- need a positive regard from others to develop self-worth
what type of therapy does the humanistic approach use, and what does this attempt to do?
Client/person-centred therapy attempts to close gap between perceived and ideal self, helps with self esteem
what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of the humanistic approach?
✔ not reductionist- looks at person as a whole, application- person centred therapy
✖ Self-actualisation- untestable concept
