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biop2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the nervous system, and what do these comprise of?

A

central (complex processing + decision making) into brain and spinal chord
+
peripheral (info from senses to CNS + from CNS to glands/muscles) into:

Somatic (voluntary movements, info from senses to CNS)
+
Autonomic (involuntary e.g. heart beat, to and from organs) into:

sympathetic (fight/flight, increase hr/br, inhibit digestion/saliva production, dilate pupils/contract rectum)
+
parasympathetic (rest/digest, decrease hr/br, stimulate digestion/saliva production, constrict pupils/relax rectum)

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2
Q

describe the process of synaptic transmission

A

electrical impulses reach presynaptic neuron terminal

triggers vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with PSN membrane, released into synapse by exocytosis

neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft + bind to receptor on PSN membrane

leads to excitation or inhibition- reuptake channels/ destroyed by enzymes

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3
Q

whats the function of the pituitary gland?

A

master gland, controls release of hormones from all other endocrine glands

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4
Q

whats the function of the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

biological rhythms like sleep/wake cycle

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5
Q

whats the function of the hypothalamus?

A

stimulates release of hormones from pituitary gland

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6
Q

whats the function of the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxine

regulates metabolism

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7
Q

whats the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

adrenaline

fight/flight response

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8
Q

whats the function of the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol

release glucose to provide energy

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9
Q

whats the function of the ovaries?

A

oestrogen

menstrual cycles, pregnancy

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10
Q

whats the function of the testes?

A

testosterone

development of male sex characteristics in puberty, muscle growth

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11
Q

describe the fight/flight response

A

stresser
when danger percieved by amygdala, sends stress signal to hypothalamus
hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system
stimulates adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

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12
Q

what are the 6 effects of adrenaline?

A 
increase heart rate
breathing rate
inhibit digestion
inhibit saliva production
dilate pupils
contract rectum
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13
Q

where is the motor area of the brain?

A

frontal lobe

both hemisphere

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14
Q

where is the somatosensory area?

A

parietal lobe

both hemispheres

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15
Q

where is the visual area?

A

occipital lobe

both hemispheres

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16
Q

where is the auditory area?

A

temporal lobe

both hemisphere

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17
Q

Where is the brocas area?

A

frontal lobe

left hemisphere

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18
Q

where is wernickes area?

A

temporal lobe

left hemisphere

19
Q

whats the difference between function of brocas and wernickes area?

A

brocas=production of speech

wernickes=understanding speech

20
Q

what is evidence supporting localisation in the brain?

A

damage to broca’s area result in impaired ability to produce speech (braca’s aphasia)
damage to wernickes area results in impaired ability to understand speech
(and phineas gage)

21
Q

whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of research supporting localisation in the brain?

A

Broca’s patient tans MRI found other areas also associated with failure in speech production

biologically reductionist bc reduce complex human behaviour to one area

22
Q

who did split brain research and whats the aim procedures and results?

A

Sperry
aim: see whether hemispheres performed tasks independently

method: split brain patients. present visual info to left or right (info presented to right is received by left and visa versa)
results: those presented to right visual field could be named verbally (because left controls language)

those presented to left visual cant be named verbally, but can point with left hand (bc left field interpreted by right brain, which controls left side of body)

23
Q

name a strength and a limitation of Sperry’s research

A

standardised procedure ensure only 1 field at a time

small sample bc split brain patients are rare + disconnection greater in some than others

24
Q

what is brain plasticity?

A

neural connections can change/ new ones can form (e.g. by axonal sprouting)

25
Q

what is McGuire’s evidence for plasticity?

A

maguire et al- london taxi drivers more grey matter in posterior hippocampus- spatial learning changed brain structure, +ve correlation between size and time as taxi driver

26
Q

what is functional recovery?

A

brains ability to transfer/redistribute functions to other parts of the brain by forming new synaptic connections

27
Q

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of research into plasticity and functional recovery?

A

contributes to field of neurorehabilitation

plasticity reduces with age

28
Q

what are the 4 ways of studying the brain?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
electroencephalography (eeg)
event related potentials (erp)
post-mortem exam

29
Q

whats does an fmri show, whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of this?

A

oxygenated blood flow

non invasive
overlooks networked nature of brain + doesn’t directly measure neural activity, just blood flow

30
Q

whats does an eeg show, whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of this?

A

electrical activity

activity in real time rather than still image
cant reveal deeper brain structures/pinpoint where activity is

31
Q

whats does an erp show, whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of this?

A

electrical activity triggered by stimulus

shows how processing affected by stimuli
difficult to pick out from other neural activity

32
Q

whats does a post mortem exam show, whats 1 strength and 1 limitation of this?

A

dissection of brain

can examine deeper regions
many varying things can cause death that would affect the brain

33
Q

define biological rhythms

A

cyclical changes in the way biological systems

34
Q

what are circadian rhythms, give an example.

A

once a day e.g. sleep wake cycle

35
Q

what are infradian rhythms, give an example.what are circadian rhythms, give an example.

A

last longer than 24 hours e.g. menstrual cycle

36
Q

what are ultradian rhythms, give an example.

A

last less than 24 a day e.g. sleep stages

37
Q

who did research into circadian rhythms, what did they do and what did they find?

A

siffre
6 months in cave
no external stimuli to judge time (no light/temp changes)
he decided when to sleep + blood pressure/breathing rate monitored

originally chaotic, then settled to 24.9 hour cycle

suggests there is an endogenous pacemaker producing the cycle, but a need for exogenous zietgebers to keep it more in sync

38
Q

whats the difference between endogenous pacemaker and exogenous zietgeber?

A 
pacemaker= internal body clock
zietgeber= external factors in environment that reset biological rhythms through a process known as entrainment
39
Q

what is a strength and a limitation of siffres research into circadian rhythms?

A

case study- detailed + controlled environment

artificial + body may act differently as only on one person

40
Q

whats the main endogenous pacemaker, and whats 1 strength and limitation of research into this?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) recieves info from the optic chiasm about light, allowing bio clock to adjust

decoursey et al removed SCN of 30 chipmunks and sleep wake cycle disappeared
many died- unethical

41
Q

whats the main exogenous zeitgeber, and whats 1 strength and limitation of research into this?

A

light

chang et al found ps using light emmiting e-book took longer to sleep than book
those living in arctic regions have normal sleep patterns despite extended day/light period

42
Q

give research into infradian rhythms. what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of research into infradian rhythms

A

pheremone samples collected from women then given to others, were brought closer to their cycle

low concurrent validity- other studies didn’t get same results

43
Q

what a strength and limitation of research into research into ultradian rhythms?

A

5 different stages of sleep been found using EEG e.g. REM sleep occurs in 5th stage

only done on small sample low pop val

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