Rm Flashcards
2 pros of stratified sampling
increases representation by sampling all subsets proportionally
reduces research bias as the subsets of students are selected randomly.
What is primary data? (2)
original data/first hand response of the participants in the research.
collected specifically for the research being carried out
What is the difference between a field and a natural experiment?
Natural= researcher does NOT change IV Field= researcher does change IV
How do you calculate percentage decrease?
find the difference in the two numbers
divide that by the original number
times it by a hundred
What is meant by peer review? (3)
other psychologists check the research report before deciding whether it could be published
independent scrutiny by other psychologists working in a similar field
work is considered in terms of its validity, significance and originality
Explain one problem with questionnaires. (3)
Likely to lead to socially desirable answers/lying
So wouldn’t reflect what actually happens
So data would lack validity
One problem with volunteer sample? (2)
Sample is biased- more confident people likely to volunteer
could affect the results
How to random sample. (3)
All volunteers names written down
put in a container
assign alternate name to each condition
Name one benefit of using matched pairs design. (1)
reduces participant variables
Name one disadvantage of using the median? (1)
• Any outlier values/extreme values (such as the scores of 50) would be ignored/would not form
part of the average measurement.
• Less sensitive than the mean.
• It does not represent all the findings
Name two benefits of using a questionnaire. (2)
Quick and convenient
easy to replicate/store/collate
What are the three types of experimental design? (3)
Independent groups
Matched pairs
Repeated measures
pro and con of participant observation (2)
high eco val, qualitative data
have to rely on memory, emotional investment
When using repeated measures, what should you always do? (1)
Counterbalancing
Give two positives of using the mean. (2)
Representative of all data
Most sensitive measure of central tendency
Two reasons why you should counterbalance. (3)
Reduce order effects
Allows order effects to be evenly distributed over both conditions
what is the difference between a type 1 error and a type 2 error?`
type 1 is claiming results were significant when they werent
type 2 is claiming they werent when they were
What is reliability (1)
Refers to the consistancy of measurements
What is the acronym for choosing a statistical test?
Carrots should come mashed with Swede under roast potatoes
What is systematic sampling?
use a predetermined system (e.g. every third person in list) to select participants
what is an advantage of systematic sampling?
unbiased
what is a disadvantage of systematic sampling?
not truly random because p’s could have something in common by chance still
give 1 limitation of stratified sampling.
time consuming to select participants
What is opportunity sampling?
selecting participants based on their availability e.g. on the highstreet at the time of the observation
what is one strength of opportunity sampling?
easiest method as takes less time to locate sample of p’s
what is one weakness of opportunity sampling?
sample bias- if in same place at same time, likely to have similar characteristics
What is a pilot study?
a small scale study before the main one to check/improve the design/procedure
What are the 3 experimental designs?
repeated measures
independent groups
matched pairs
What are the 2 types of observational design techniques?
event sampling
time sampling
What is the difference between event sampling and time sampling?
event counts number of times certain behaviour occurs
time counts behaviours in given time frame (e.g. every 30s)
Give 2 things you should avoid when designing a questionnaire. (4)
ambiguity
leading questions
double negative
bias
Give 2 advantages of using a questionnaire
lower cost than interview
easier to replicate than interview
dont need researcher present
What is a confounding variable?
something that could affect the dv other than the iv
what are extraneous variables?
could affect dv so should be controlled
what are demand characteristics?
participant alters behaviour for study
maybe because they know theyre being studied, or know aims
how can we control for demand characteristics?
single blind technique
state the 5 main ethical issues
informed consent deception protection from harm right to withdraw confidentiality
What are the 2 ways of assessing reliability?
test-retest
inter-observer
what is the test-retest method of assessing reliability?
presenting the same participants with the same test/ questionnaire on two separate occasions, and seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two
State 4 features of science
objectivity and empirical method
replicability and falsifiability
theory construction and hypothesis testing
paradigms and paradigm shifts
what is falsifiability
being able to be proven false
What are the 6 sections that should be included in a research paper?
abstract- summary intro- state previous research method results discussion references appendices- if u used a questionnaire u may put it here
What is a paradigm?
a shared set of methods and assumptions
does psychology have a paradigm? why?
no, it has conflicting approaches
what is secondary data?
previously collected for other research
referred to in a later study
define quantitative data. (1)
numerical data
Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the mode as the method of central tendency.
used for all levels of data
not effected by extreme scores
not useful for small samples
doesn’t use all the values
Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the median as the method of central tendency.
unaffected by extreme data
cant be used on nominal level data
unrepresentative of small sample
doesn’t use all values
Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the mean as the method of central tendency.
most sensitive measure of central tendency
gives exact central position
only for interval level data
affected by extreme values
Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the range as the measure of dispersion.
easy to calculate
used with any level of data
affected by extreme scores
doesnt account for being clustered in groups or spread evenly around mean
Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using standard deviation as the measure of dispersion.
not affected by extreme scores
accounts for all scores so its more sensitive than the range
accounts for pattern of grouping around the mean
complicated to calculate
only interval level data
what is content analysis?
a way of analysing qualitative data from observations or interviews
by looking at themes in the data
state 2 of the main aims of thematic analysis
impose order on the data
ensuring it reflects participants perspective
summerise the data
enabling themes and conclusions
