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Rm Flashcards

1
Q

2 pros of stratified sampling

A

increases representation by sampling all subsets proportionally
reduces research bias as the subsets of students are selected randomly.

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2
Q

What is primary data? (2)

A

original data/first hand response of the participants in the research.
collected specifically for the research being carried out

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3
Q

What is the difference between a field and a natural experiment?

A 
Natural= researcher does NOT change IV
Field= researcher does change IV
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4
Q

How do you calculate percentage decrease?

A

find the difference in the two numbers
divide that by the original number
times it by a hundred

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5
Q

What is meant by peer review? (3)

A

other psychologists check the research report before deciding whether it could be published
independent scrutiny by other psychologists working in a similar field
work is considered in terms of its validity, significance and originality

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6
Q

Explain one problem with questionnaires. (3)

A

Likely to lead to socially desirable answers/lying
So wouldn’t reflect what actually happens
So data would lack validity

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7
Q

One problem with volunteer sample? (2)

A

Sample is biased- more confident people likely to volunteer

could affect the results

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8
Q

How to random sample. (3)

A

All volunteers names written down
put in a container
assign alternate name to each condition

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9
Q

Name one benefit of using matched pairs design. (1)

A

reduces participant variables

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10
Q

Name one disadvantage of using the median? (1)

A

• Any outlier values/extreme values (such as the scores of 50) would be ignored/would not form
part of the average measurement.
• Less sensitive than the mean.
• It does not represent all the findings

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11
Q

Name two benefits of using a questionnaire. (2)

A

Quick and convenient

easy to replicate/store/collate

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12
Q

What are the three types of experimental design? (3)

A

Independent groups
Matched pairs
Repeated measures

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13
Q

pro and con of participant observation (2)

A

high eco val, qualitative data

have to rely on memory, emotional investment

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14
Q

When using repeated measures, what should you always do? (1)

A

Counterbalancing

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15
Q

Give two positives of using the mean. (2)

A

Representative of all data

Most sensitive measure of central tendency

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16
Q

Two reasons why you should counterbalance. (3)

A

Reduce order effects

Allows order effects to be evenly distributed over both conditions

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17
Q

what is the difference between a type 1 error and a type 2 error?`

A

type 1 is claiming results were significant when they werent

type 2 is claiming they werent when they were

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18
Q

What is reliability (1)

A

Refers to the consistancy of measurements

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19
Q

What is the acronym for choosing a statistical test?

A

Carrots should come mashed with Swede under roast potatoes

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20
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

use a predetermined system (e.g. every third person in list) to select participants

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21
Q

what is an advantage of systematic sampling?

A

unbiased

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22
Q

what is a disadvantage of systematic sampling?

A

not truly random because p’s could have something in common by chance still

23
Q

give 1 limitation of stratified sampling.

A

time consuming to select participants

24
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

selecting participants based on their availability e.g. on the highstreet at the time of the observation

25
Q

what is one strength of opportunity sampling?

A

easiest method as takes less time to locate sample of p’s

26
Q

what is one weakness of opportunity sampling?

A

sample bias- if in same place at same time, likely to have similar characteristics

27
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

a small scale study before the main one to check/improve the design/procedure

28
Q

What are the 3 experimental designs?

A

repeated measures
independent groups
matched pairs

29
Q

What are the 2 types of observational design techniques?

A

event sampling

time sampling

30
Q

What is the difference between event sampling and time sampling?

A

event counts number of times certain behaviour occurs

time counts behaviours in given time frame (e.g. every 30s)

31
Q

Give 2 things you should avoid when designing a questionnaire. (4)

A

ambiguity
leading questions
double negative
bias

32
Q

Give 2 advantages of using a questionnaire

A

lower cost than interview
easier to replicate than interview
dont need researcher present

33
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

something that could affect the dv other than the iv

34
Q

what are extraneous variables?

A

could affect dv so should be controlled

35
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

participant alters behaviour for study

maybe because they know theyre being studied, or know aims

36
Q

how can we control for demand characteristics?

A

single blind technique

37
Q

state the 5 main ethical issues

A 
informed consent
deception
protection from harm
right to withdraw
confidentiality
38
Q

What are the 2 ways of assessing reliability?

A

test-retest

inter-observer

39
Q

what is the test-retest method of assessing reliability?

A

presenting the same participants with the same test/ questionnaire on two separate occasions, and seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two

40
Q

State 4 features of science

A

objectivity and empirical method
replicability and falsifiability
theory construction and hypothesis testing
paradigms and paradigm shifts

41
Q

what is falsifiability

A

being able to be proven false

42
Q

What are the 6 sections that should be included in a research paper?

A 
abstract- summary
intro- state previous research
method
results
discussion
references
appendices- if u used a questionnaire u may put it here
43
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

a shared set of methods and assumptions

44
Q

does psychology have a paradigm? why?

A

no, it has conflicting approaches

45
Q

what is secondary data?

A

previously collected for other research

referred to in a later study

46
Q

define quantitative data. (1)

A

numerical data

47
Q

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the mode as the method of central tendency.

A

used for all levels of data
not effected by extreme scores

not useful for small samples
doesn’t use all the values

48
Q

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the median as the method of central tendency.

A

unaffected by extreme data

cant be used on nominal level data
unrepresentative of small sample
doesn’t use all values

49
Q

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the mean as the method of central tendency.

A

most sensitive measure of central tendency
gives exact central position

only for interval level data
affected by extreme values

50
Q

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the range as the measure of dispersion.

A

easy to calculate
used with any level of data

affected by extreme scores
doesnt account for being clustered in groups or spread evenly around mean

51
Q

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using standard deviation as the measure of dispersion.

A

not affected by extreme scores
accounts for all scores so its more sensitive than the range
accounts for pattern of grouping around the mean

complicated to calculate
only interval level data

52
Q

what is content analysis?

A

a way of analysing qualitative data from observations or interviews
by looking at themes in the data

53
Q

state 2 of the main aims of thematic analysis

A

impose order on the data
ensuring it reflects participants perspective
summerise the data
enabling themes and conclusions

P (18 decks)

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