At2 Flashcards
What are the 4 ways to assess attachment?
seperation anxiety
stranger anxiety
reunion behaviour
willingness to explore
what are the 2 caregiver-infant interactions?
reciprocity
interactional synchrony
whats the difference between reciprocity and interactional synchrony?
reciprocity- turn taking, responding in turn e.g. smiling back
inter sync- mirroring in synchrony, e.g. baby moves head in time with mother
what are the 4 stages of attachment as identified by schaffer? (explain their features and give rough age estimates at which they develop)
ASOCIAL 0-6w recognise specific faces happier with human than alone INDISCRIMINATE 6w-6m smile more at familiar than not familiar accept comfort from anyone SPECIFIC 7m sep anx, stranger anx primary attachmentt formed MULTIIPLE 10/11m secondary attachments with familiar adults
what was schaffer and emersons procedure and what did they find/conclude?
logitudinal study
60 gasgow babies in home
found sensitivity increases attachment
and formed the stages of att
whats a strength and limitation of schaffers stages of att?
clear stages, specific order longitudinal study allows to see detailed development
timings of stages unclear and longituddinal=high attrition rate
what are 3 arguement FOR the idea that fathers are important
often 2ndry attahment
att level is due to responsiveness not gender
important in play
what are 2 arguments for the father not being important?
nmot enough oestrogen to be sufficiently nurturing
children with lesbo parents dont develop any differently
what were the aims and procedures of Mary Ainsworths strange situation?
aim- assess attachment between pcg and child seeing if sensitivity affects attachment
procedure-
caregiver watch child play-willingness to explore
stranger enters- stranger anx
caregiver leaves- sep anx
caregiver re enters- reuinion beaviour
In the findings of the strange situation, what attachment type was formed by a sensitive mother? (give the 4 characteristics of this attachement type)
secure (B) willlingness to exp stranger anx sep anx reuinion behaviour
In the findings of the strange situation, what attachment type was formed by a unresponsive mother? (give the 4 characteristics of this attachement type)
insecure avoidant (A) No willingness to explore no stranger anx no sep anx no reuinion behaviour
In the findings of the strange situation, what attachment type was formed by an inconsistant mother? (give the 4 characteristics of this attachement type)
insecure resistant (c) no willingness to explore extreme stranger anx extreme sep anx try to find comfort in reuinion but don't
what are 3 limitations of the strange situation?
informed consent /protextion from harm of children-distress
socially sensitive-pressure mothers not to work
demand characteristics- display socially acceptable behaviourr
what was the procedure of Van Ijzendoorn and Krooenburg’s study of cultural variations of attachment?
32 different studies, 8 countries, meta analysis
whats a strength of the fact Ijzendoorn did a meta analysis?
lare samples increase validity
in Van Ijzendoorn’s study into cultural variations of attahment, what were the highest of each attachment type?
secure-UK
avoidant-Germany
resistant-Japan
in Van Ijzendoorn’s study into cultural variations of attahment, what were the lowest of each attachment type?
secure-Germany
aviodant-Japan
resistant-UK
What did Van Ijzendoorn find about variation between and within cultures?
variation within cultures was greater than variation between cultures
what are the 2 EXPLANATIONS of attachment?
learning theory
bowlby’s monotropic theory
what is the learning theory (behavioural) explanation of attachment?
classical conditioning:
learning by association
food=pleasure (unconditioned response)
PCG brings food, so PCG associated with pleasure
eventually presence of PCG brings pleasure (condditioned response)
operant conditioning:
baby cries when hungry
crying neatively reinforces mum to feed it
mother provides food, positively reinforcing attachment bond
what are 2 limitations of the behavioural explanation of attachment?
ignores other factors e.g. maternal sensitivity
shaffer found PCG wasn’t only one who provided food
what ar the 2 nanimal studies inito attaachment?
lorenz geece study
harlows monkeys
what was lorenz’s procedure and finidings?
half geece hatched with mother naturally
half incubated and hatched with lorenz
geece imprinted on first moving thing they saw
critical period in which imprinting must take place
what were harlows findings?
monkeys spent more time on cloth mother (providing comfort) than wire mother (providing food)
suggesting emotional comfort is more important than physical to forming attachments
monkeys deprived of real mother had problems mating, were more aggressive and less sociable
what are 3 issues with harlows study?
informed consent
protection from hharm
cant generalise to humans
what are the aspects of bowlby’s monotropic theory, as an explanation for attachment?
Adaptive- innate predisposition to form attachments
Social releasers- physial=big eyes, behavioural=crying to prompt adult innate tendancy to look after them
CRITICAL PERIOD- between 0 and 2.5 in which monotropic attachmennt must form
Monotropy- bond between mother and baby that must form in critical period
INTERNAL WORKIING MODEL- monotropic attachment acts as model/teemplate for future relationships
What does Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis suggest?
maternal deprivation occurs when attachment bond between mother and baby is broken, this will have irreversibly effects: deliquency low IQ agression affectionless psychopathy
what were the findings of Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?
12/14 affectionless psychopaths has seperation from mothers before age 5
suggests emotional matadjustment is related to childs early seperation from thier mother
what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?
supported by institutionalisation studies that show more time in institution leads to emotional problems and low IQ
experimenter bias- carried out diagnosis himself
some were only seperated for short time - unlikely to have severe effects
what did Rutter (2011) investigate, find and concluded when studying the effets of institutionalisation using Romanian orphanages?
investigatted those adopted before 6 moths
between 6 months and 2 years
and after age 2
he foudn those adopted later had lower IQ, diisinhibited attachment, difficulty forming rels, attention seeking, delinquency
thereefore, forming attachment sooner meant better intellectual and emotional development
what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of rutters research into the effects of institutionalisation
longitudinal, natural, good eco val because real life and long time
maybe those with fewer issues were adopted earliier because they already had fewer issues
longitudinal=high attrition, dont know what happened to those who dropped out
ethics- intrusive, must maintain confidenttiality
what is the influence of early attachments on later relationships?
children form an attachement to PCG and form an internal working model which is used as a template for future relationships - (known as the conttinuity hypothesis)
what did Hazen and Shaver’s love quiz find about the influence of early attachment on later relationships?
+ve correlation between early attachment and types (e.g. secure) and later love experiences
what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of hazen and shaver’s research into the influence of early attachments on later relationships?
focus on importance of early relationships may lead to more care
socially sensitive- could create expectations that poor early attachments means poor later relationships
other factors may influence prboblems in later relationhips not just early attach,ment type
