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physiology > system overview and the heart > Flashcards

system overview and the heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the circulatory system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Bloos

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2
Q

what are the rolls of arteries

A

Low resistance tubes to cary blood to organs

pressure reserve

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3
Q

what is the roll of arterioles

A

provide resistance to control where blood glows

control aterial blood pressure

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4
Q

what is roll of Capillaires

A

Major site of nutrient, metabolic end products, fluid exchange between blood and tissue

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5
Q

what is the roll of venules

A

Site of nutrient, metabolic, and fluid exchange betwen blood and tissues

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6
Q

what is the roll of veins

A

low resistance for flow back to heart

capacity for blood to be adjusted to faciliate flow

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7
Q

what is the liquid portion of blood

A

Plasma

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8
Q

what is found in the plasma

A

dissolved nutrients, ions, waters, gases, other substances

- similar to interstitial fluid at capillaries

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9
Q

what does the blood constist of

A 
Formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
Liquid (plasma)
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10
Q

what cells are included in blood

A 
RBC
white blood cells 
 - neutrophils
 - B cells
 - T cells
 - monocytes
 - eosinophils
 - baseophils
Platelets
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11
Q

what s the meatocrit

A

Percent of blood that is RBCs

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12
Q

what is the average hematocrit

A

45%

  • higher for men
  • lower for women
    • no idea why
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13
Q

what is the roll of blood

A

Nutreints and wastes
Hormones/info
thermal regulation - water caries a lot of heat

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14
Q

what is the total volume of blood equal to

A

Plasma+ buffy coat+ erythrocytes

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15
Q

what is the equation for a hematocrit

A

erythrocyte volume/ total volume

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16
Q

is fully oxygenated blood red or blue

A

It is red

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17
Q

what does the R and L sides of the heart pump

A

R: pulmonary
L: systemic

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18
Q

what is microcirculation

A

Aterioles
Capillaries
Venules

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19
Q

exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and metabolic end products occure at what level

A

Capillaries and Interstitial fluid via diffusion

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20
Q

do all organs receive the same amount of blood at rest

A

No

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21
Q

what is the flow equation

A

change in pressure/Resistance

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22
Q

how is resistnace related to radius

A

Inversely to Radius^4

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23
Q

what is the biggest determinant of blood flow

A

resistnace via change in radius

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24
Q

does absolute pressure control blood flow

A

No, only the pressure difference

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25
Q

valve between the R atrium and the R ventricle

A

Right AV valve

(tricupsid)

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26
Q

valve between the R ventricle and pulmonary circuit

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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27
Q

valve between the Left atrium and the Left ventricle

A

Left AV valve

bicuspid

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28
Q

valve betweent he Left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic semilular valve

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29
Q

what do the valves do aside from controlling the direction of blood flow in the heart

A

electrically insulate the heart

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30
Q

how is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle

A

branches
Intercallated disks with gap junctions
each myocyte contracts with each heart beat

31
Q

what do the gap junctions of cardiac muscle do for them

A

Electrically couple the heart together

32
Q

why does each myocyte contract together

A

because the heart is electrically coupled together ( no recruitment like in skeltal muscle)

33
Q

where are muscarinic receptors in the heart

A

only on the atria

34
Q

how does the parasympathetic system act on the heart

A

Via the vagus nerves to release acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors on the atria

35
Q

how does the sympathetic system act on the heart

A

Via thoracic spinal nerves to release norepinephrine to act on beta-adrenergic receptors on the atria and the ventricles

36
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do for the heart

A

act on the atria to decrease HR

37
Q

what does the sympatheic system do for the heart

A

Act on the atria to increase HR

act on the ventricles to increase contractility

38
Q

what aside from the nervous system can act on the heart

A

Epinephrine from the blood stream binds to Beta adrenergic receptors to increase HR and contractility

39
Q

how does electricity flow through the heart

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
R and L bundle branches
Purkinji fibers
40
Q

where is the SA node found

A

in the right atrium

41
Q

where does sinus rhythm begin

A

in the SA node

42
Q

what is the roll of all other aspects of the hearts conduction system

A

bring electricity to the apex to do ventricular contraction upward

43
Q

what happens if the cells of the SA node go away

A

heart continues to depolarize, but lacks sinus rhythm

44
Q

how much of the conducting system must be gone for the heart to no longer pump

A

all of it must be gone

45
Q

what causes the rapid depolarization phase of myocardium

A

rapid opening of voltage gated sodium channels

46
Q

what causes the plateau phase of myocardial cells

A

slow but prolonged opening of voltage gated calcium channels

Closure of potassium channels

47
Q

what is needed for the atrium and ventricles to coordinate their contractions

A

The AV node

48
Q

what is the P wave

A

atrial depolarization

49
Q

what is the qRS wave

A

ventricular depolarization

50
Q

what is the T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

51
Q

where is the SA node in the EKG

A

not present, too small to ilicit a response

52
Q

why don’t we see atrial repolarization

A

occures during ventricular contraction, so it is not seen

53
Q

what are the characteristics of ventricles contraction

A

contract together and efficienctly

54
Q

what fibers are responsible for ventricular contraction

A

R and L bundle branches

purkinji fibers

55
Q

what is the slowest part of atrial contraction

A

AV node(1.2seconds) to allow for atria to contract completelyq

56
Q

what causes the repolarization phase of myocardial contraction

A

Opening of potassium channels

57
Q

what causes the resting membrane potential of myo

A

Potassium

58
Q

can a myocyte depolarize alone

A

No, b/c it has a true resting membrane potential

59
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of myocytes

A

-80mV

60
Q

what kind of potential does the SA node have

A

Pacemaker potential

61
Q

what leads to the pacemaker potential of nodal cells

A

Na ions leaking through F-type channe

62
Q

what is responsible for the rising phase of nodal cells

A

rapid opening of voltage gated Ca channels

63
Q

what is responsible for the repolarization phase of nodal cells

A

Reopening of potassium channels

closing of ca channels

64
Q

what channels are needed for the pacemaker potential

A

F type Channels

65
Q

what does an EKG that is mising every other QRS and T mean

A

AV node could not be repolarized due to refractory period

66
Q

what does it mean when an EKG has QRS randomly associated with P at different times

A

Atria and ventricles could not be coupled

67
Q

what does excitation contraction coupling link

A

cardiac muscle cell AP to contraction via control of Ca within myocardium

68
Q

what is trigger calcium

A

Calcium from outside the cell that causes the sarcroplasmic reticulum to release Ca

69
Q

what does trigger calcium bind to

A

ryanodine receptors on the external surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

what channels allow trigger calcium to enter the cell

A

L-type Ca channels in T-tubules

71
Q

what is needed for excitation contraction coupling in Myocardium

A

needs extracellular ca to depolarize and release Ca from the SR

72
Q

how is skeletal ca different from cardiac

A

skeletal needs voltage gated Ca release

73
Q

why do ventricular cells have such a long Ap compared to skeletal muscles

A

Plateu phase from trigger calcium

74
Q

what is the importance of the plateau phase for myocardial cells

A

makes long refractory period to ensure no heart teatanus

- allow blood to fill ventricles

physiology (32 decks)

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