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physiology > GI 3 > Flashcards

GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of neurons regulate GI function

A

ANS

Enteric nervous system

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2
Q

besides neurons, what else regulates GI function

A 
Paracrine mediators (local cells from diffusion)
Hormones (reach gut via blood)
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3
Q

what are the parasympa nuclei(and associated nerves) that supply to the Enteric nervous system

A 
Vagal nucli( via Vagus Nerve)
Sacral spinal cord (via pelvic nerve)
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4
Q

do both the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the enteric nervous system

A

Yes

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5
Q

what are the plexus’s assocaited with the enteric nervous system

A

Myenteric Plexus

Submucosal plexus

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6
Q

what part of the GI tract does the sympathetic have direct effect on asside from affecting it via the Enteric system

A

Blood vessels

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7
Q

what of the GI does the enteric system have an efect on

A

Smooth muscle
Secretory cells
Endocrine cells
Blood vessels

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8
Q

what level of the wall in the GI is the submucosal nerve plexus found

A

in the submucosa

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9
Q

what level of the wall in the GI is the myeneric nerve plexus found

A

Muscularis Exteerna

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10
Q

what do motor neurons of the ENS do

A

Muscle contraction

Gland function

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11
Q

what do Interneurons do in the ENS

A

regulate interactions between different layers of the GI tissues

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12
Q

what types of neurons are in the ENS

A

Sensory neurons

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13
Q

what types of receptors are found in the GI(used for reflexes

A

Mechanoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

what initates reflex arcs of the GI tract

A

Distension of the wall
Chyme osmolarity
Chyme acidity
Chyme concentration

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15
Q

what does the long reflex of the GI involve

A

invovles the CNS (using afferent and efferent neurons from the GI walls)
- factors in sight, smell, taste

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16
Q

path of the long reflex of the GI

A
  1. stimulus in GI acts on receptors of GI walls
  2. afferent neurons to CNS from vagal sensory neurons
  3. efferent ANS (PNS or SNS)
  4. act on nerve plexus
  5. acts on smooth muscle or gland of GI wall
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17
Q

what does the the short reflex of the GI invovle

A

all that the long one does but lacks the afferent and efferent nerves from the CNS (CNS not invovled)

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18
Q

what types of hormones can act on the GI

A

peptides

neurotransmitter/neuroendocrine hormones

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19
Q

what are the 4 hormones that regulate digestion

A

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
secretin
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic peptide

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20
Q

what is the CCK feedback look

A

CCK stimulated by fatty acid
CCK stimulates enzyme production of pancrease
enzyme production reduces CCK activation

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21
Q

Do hormones of GI act on only 1 type of cell

A

No, work on multiple

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22
Q

what cells can CCK activate

A

stimulate Pancreas, liver, gallbladder,

inhibit stomach emptying

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23
Q

do each hormone of GI act along

A

can be synergistic (one can poentiate the other)

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24
Q

what are the phases of GI control

A

Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase
Intestinal

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25
Q

what nerve fibers stimulate the Cephalic phase

A

Parasympa nerve fibers affecting the ENS

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26
Q

what initiates the cephalic phase

A

When recetpors in head are stimulated

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27
Q

what is involved in control of the gastric phase

A

short and long neural reflexes

Gastrin

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28
Q

what all causes the gastric phase

A

Distension
Acidity
Amino acids
Peptides

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29
Q

what is involved in control of the intestinal phase of Gi control

A

Short and long neural reflexes
Secretin
CCK
GIP

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30
Q

what causes the Intestinal phase

A

Distesion
Acidity
Osmolarity
Various digestive products

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31
Q

what is the immune function of stomach

A

Kills many bacteria

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32
Q

what does the stomach do to food

A

Initiates digestion of food

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33
Q

what does the stomach deliver to the dueodenum

A

Chyme

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34
Q

what determines the rate that the stomach delivers chyme to the duodenum

A

secretion rate of bile salt, bicarb, digestion enzymes
rate of enzyme breakdown of carbs, fats, and proteins
small intestine transit

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35
Q

what are the 3 anatomic sections of the stomach

A

Fundus
body
Antum

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36
Q

what are the glandular regions of the stomach

A

Oxytic (mesial)

Pyloric (distal)

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37
Q

what are the cells of the gastric pit

A

mucous neck cells
Cheif cells
Parietal cells

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38
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

HCL

Intrinsic factor

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39
Q

where is HCL produced

A

By parietal cells in the fundus and body (oxyntic gland area)

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40
Q

where is intrinsic factor produced

A

By parietal cells in the fundus and body (oxyntic gland area)

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41
Q

what do chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen

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42
Q

where is pepsinogen produced

A

by chief cells in the body and the antrum (oxyntic and pyloric gland area)

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43
Q

where is mucous produced

A

in mucous neck cells throughout the stomach

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44
Q

where is bicarb produced

A

Epithelial cells through the stomach

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45
Q

where is gastrin produced

A

G cells in the NAtrum (pyloric gland area)

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46
Q

where is somatostatin producd

A

D cells through the stomach ath the base of gastric gland

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47
Q

where is histamine produced in the GI tract

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells

48
Q

how is HCL secereted

A
  • Cl brough in from the Capillary by being transported aginst Bicarb(makes spare H+ from carbonic anhydrase)
  • Cl flows into staomach along with K
  • ATP helps pump H into stomach and pump K back into the cell
49
Q

what is invovled in regulating acid secretion

A

Tubulovesicular membrane

Intracellular cancliculus

50
Q

what is the strongest HCL stimulant

A

Histamine

51
Q

what triggers histamine release

A

Gastrin or ACh

52
Q

do Gastrin and Ach only act on histmaine to relaese HCL

A

No, can directly act on Parietal cells

53
Q

what is the intracellular message for relase of HCL from pareital cells

A

Second messenger activitation

54
Q

what is the action of Somatostatin

A

Inhibit HCL

55
Q

what does Somatostatin act on to inhibit HCl secretion

A

G cells

Pareital cells

56
Q

what are the cephalic aspects that regulat HCl secreteion

A

Sight
Smell
taste
Also mech stimulation from chew and swallowing

57
Q

what does the cephalic regulation of HCl seceretion active

A

PNS to produce Ach

58
Q

what is the intesinal phase effect on HCl secretion

A

initially enhances HCl secretion by later inhibits it

59
Q

what does the pH of chyme need to be for secretin to be produced

A

less than 3

60
Q

what aspects inside the stomach decrease HCL production via CCK

A

High H+
amino acids
Fatty acids
- all stimulate CCK

61
Q

what increases gastrin secretion

A

gastric phase distesnion, protein, peptides, amino acids

62
Q

activity of gastrin

A

act on parietal cells to increase HCL secretion

63
Q

why does HCL degrade gatric tisssue

A

Muscus neck cells

Gastric epithelial cells produce Na, Cl, K , HCO3 that keeps the surface of cells at ph 7

64
Q

how is pepsin produced

A

released as pepsinogen as a zymogen (proenzyme to be cleaved)
- cleaved by HCL into Pepsin

65
Q

why doesn’t pepsin degrade stomach tissue

A

do to mucous layer so, it is not activated till its in the Low pH zone of the stomach

66
Q

how does gatric motility occur neuologically

A

does like peristallic waves with action potentials occuring once cresting AP

67
Q

what does gastric motility/emptying factors relate with

A

same factors that affect HCl secretion

68
Q

what inhibits the secretion and motility in the stomach

A

Secretin and CCK (enterogastrones)

69
Q

what stimualtes the secretion of Secretin and CCK

A

increased acidty, fats, amino acids, hypertonicit, distenstion in the dueodenum

70
Q

what are the exocrine products of the pancrase

A 
Bircab
Digestive enzymes (lots
71
Q

how does the pancreas activate inactive enzyme

A
  1. Pancrease releases Typrinogen
  2. trypsinogen converted to trypsin by membrane bound enterokinase
  3. Trypsin takes inactive enzymes to active enzymes in the intestinal lumen
72
Q

what potentiates CCK secretion

A

Secretin

73
Q

how is bicarb secreted

A

Like HCl but in reverse

74
Q

how is bicarbonate secretion regulated

A

Hormone: secretin
Feedback: acidity

75
Q

what does the liver do for digestion

A

Produces bile

76
Q

where does the liver secrete bile

A

Canaliculi (small ducts)

77
Q

what do canaliculi drain into

A

convege and drain into larger bile ducts

78
Q

what is found in bile

A 
Bile salts (and other salts)
Lecithin
Cholesterol(related to bile salts)
Bile pigments (bilirubin) and other metabolic end products
trace metal 
Bicarb
79
Q

what stimulates secretion of bicarb

A

stimulation of epithelial cells of ducts by secretin

80
Q

how much bile salt does the liver synth

A

20-60mg of bile salts

81
Q

how much bile salt does is secreted a day

A

1,200-3,600 mg

82
Q

how can more bile salts be secreted than synthesized

A

recycled through the enterohepatic circulation

83
Q

increase in plasma cck lead to what

A

increase in bile flow into duedenum

84
Q

when is absorption maximized

A

when chyme/bolus is continuously brough into contact with the intestinal tissue
- also importat to contract small intestine

85
Q

what are the types of smooth muscle contraction

A

Peristalsis

Segmentation

86
Q

what is peristalsis

A

Progressive contraction of successive sections of circular smooth muscle

87
Q

what is segmentation

A

Closely spaced contractions of circular muscle layer

88
Q

what happens when segmentation is rhythmic

A

chyme/bolus is mixed and slowly moved downward

89
Q

how does the food move during absorption in the small intestine

A

segmental contraction

90
Q

what contractions occur after must absorption has occured

A

peristaltic contraction

91
Q

what drives peristalsis

A

migrating myoelectric complex

92
Q

where does the myoelectric complex that drives peristalsis begin

A

lower stomach

93
Q

speed of the myoelectric complex that drives peristalsis

A

travels 2 feet prior to dying

94
Q

what initiates the myoelectric complex of peristalsis

A

intestinal hormone motilin

95
Q

how does the food bolus enter the large intestine

A

Ileocecal valve (sphincter

96
Q

what makes up the bolus that enters the large intestin

A

small intestine secretion

undiestable foods

97
Q

what is the cause of farts

A

bacteria fermenting stuff in the large intestine

98
Q

what is the primary purpose of the large intestine

A

tranpsort Na from lumen to blood

99
Q

what is bicarb secretion in the large intestine coupled with

A

Cl ion absorption

100
Q

what is the benifit of bacterial fermentation of food bolus

A

absorb nutrients from food

101
Q

what does the large intestine do with the remaining food folus

A

Eliminate it from the body

102
Q

how does motility of the large intestine control

A

occurs as slow segmentation contracts

103
Q

how often do peristaltic-like contractions in the large intestine occur

A

3-4 times per day

104
Q

what is the roll of the mouth in digesting

A

Chewing
Salivation
Amylase
Lipase

105
Q

what is the roll of the stomach in digestion

A

HCl
Pepsinogen
Lipase
Gastrin

106
Q

what is the roll of the small intestine in digestion

A

Hormones (secretin, Cholecystokinin)

107
Q

what is the roll of the pancreas in digestion

A

proteases
Lipase
Amylase
HCO3

108
Q

what is the roll of the liver in digestion

A

Bile

109
Q

what is the roll of the small intestine in digestion

A

absoprtion (carbs proetin, fats, vitamines, minerals)

110
Q

what is the roll of the large intestine in digestion

A

Absorption (Na, Cl, water)

111
Q

what determines the rate at which food moves through the stomach

A

Pacemaker cells

magnitude determined by excitatory stimuli

112
Q

what kind of contractions are found in the stomach

A

Peristalsis from body to pyloric sphincter

113
Q

what kind of contractions occure in the smalle intestine

A

Segmentation and peristaltic contraction

114
Q

what controls peristalsis in the small intestine

A

Migrating myoelectric complex (initiated by motilin)

115
Q

how does the large intestine move

A

Slow segmentation contractions in massive movements

physiology (32 decks)

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