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speech disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what does language include

A 
what words mean
How to make new words (friend-ly)
Put words to make sentences
word combos for the best situations
both verbal and nonverbal
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2
Q

language vs speech

A

Language: set of rules
Speech: spoken language

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3
Q

how many muscles are in speech

A

100 orofacial, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and respiratory muscles

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4
Q

what is needed for articulation

A

Adjust shape and degree of constriction of mouth, pharynx and nasal cavities as sound and air rpessure pass through

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5
Q

what is articualtion

A

speech sound production

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6
Q

what are speech sound disorders

A

Developmental, phonological compensatory , and placement/phonetic articlation disorders

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7
Q

what are the common articulation errors

A

Substitutions
Omissions
Distortions
Obligatory vs active

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8
Q

what are phonemes

A

Speech sounds

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9
Q

what is involved in the place, manner. and voicing of phonemes

A
  • Bilabials, Lingual-alveolar, velars
  • stops, fricatives, sibilants, affricates
  • oral vs nasal consonants
  • liquids and glides
  • voices vs voiceless sounds
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10
Q

what does a speech language pathologist do

A

Provides treatment of SSD by improving articulation of individual sounds or reduce erros in production of sounds

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11
Q

what is articualtion treatment do for SSD

A

Demonstrating how to produce a sound correctly
learning to recognize which sounds are correct or incorrect
practicing sounds in different words

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12
Q

what is Phonological process treatment do for SSD

A

teaching rules of speech to individuals to help them say worlds correctly

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13
Q

what does treatment of SSD emphasize

A

auditory discrimination traninng

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14
Q

does oral-motor therapy work for speech

A

not evidence backed

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15
Q

what is phonation

A

Sound waves created by vibration of vocal folds

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16
Q

what causes movment of the vocal folds

A

airflow from lungs and laryngeal muscle contraction

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17
Q

how does phonation occur

A

Vocal folds adduct
subglottal pressure builds and air flow forces folds apart
vibration begins
ends when breath or abduction occurs

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18
Q

how do kids and adults feel about voice disorders

A

negative attention and limited participation in activity

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19
Q

incidence rate of pediattric voice disorders

A

6-23%

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20
Q

what are pediattric voice disorders broadly defined as

A

Dysphonia

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21
Q

what are the common pediatric vocal pathologies

A 
Infectious
Anatomic
Ongenital 
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Neuroogic
Iatrogenic
 -  vocal nodules
 - vocal cord cysts
 - vocal cord paralysis
 - laryngeal webs
 - paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction
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22
Q

what is one fo the most common cuases of pediatric dysphonia

A

Vocal nodules (38-78% of pediatric dysphonia)

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of vocal nodules

A 
Hoarseness
breathiness
rough and scratchy voice
harshness
Decreased pitch range
throat/ear/neck pain
losing voice
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24
Q

treatment for vocal nodules

A

Behavioral voice treatment (voice therapy)

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25
Q

how to treat vocal fold cysts

A

Surgical removal

voice therapy

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26
Q

how to treat a laryngeal web

A

Surgical resection (multiple)

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27
Q

what does voice therapy include

A

vocal hygein
Worksheets
reducing abusive behavor (yelling)

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28
Q

what makes voice therapy hard for kids

A

Need to self monitor

- harder with behavior, congitive, and attention limitations

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29
Q

what are the types of Motor speech disorders

A

Dysarthria

Childhood apraxia of speech

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30
Q

what is Dysarthria

A

Neurologic speach disorders resulting from abnormalities in the strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movement

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31
Q

when does Dysarthria in children show

A
  • Usually before able to speak if Congenital
  • Acquired showed significat variation depending on age of onset
    • usually after the acquisition of some speech language skills
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32
Q

why is Pediatric Dysarthria hard to diagnose

A

due to emerging language

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33
Q

characteristics of Dysarthria

A 
difficult with spech and accuracy of artiulatory movements
reduced loudness
dysphonia
hypernasality
abnormal rate
abnormal breaths
bad feeding/swallowing problems, drools
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34
Q

symptoms of Athetoid (dyskinetic) Cerebral palsy from Dysarthria

A

slow rate, dyshythmia with in appropriate voice stages and reduced stress
- more atric errors

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35
Q

symptoms of Spactic Cerebral palsy from dysarthria

A 
breathy voice
monopitch
monoloudness
hypernaslity
voice changes throughout utterence
bettter speech intelligbility with fewer artic erros
36
Q

how does Dysarthria in children with cerebral palsy manifest

A

involve all speech subsystems

decreased vowel space and reduced word intelligibility

37
Q

what is childhood apraxia of speech

A

A neurological childhood speech sound disorder

- precisision and consistency of speech movements impaired in absence of neuromuscular deficity

38
Q

what causes childhood apraxia of speech

A

known neuro impairment in association with complex neurobehavioral disorders of known and unknown origin
or
idopathathic

39
Q

what does childhood apraxia of speech lead to

A

errors in speech sound production and prosody

40
Q

what is the perceived quality of sound

A

Resonance

41
Q

what generates resonance

A

vocal folds as vibrates through pharyngeal, oral ,and nasal cavities

42
Q

what determines the degree of perceived nasality in speech

A

Balance of oral and nasal sound energy

43
Q

what influences resonance

A

size/shape of oral caivty, nasal cavity, pharynx and tisues

- velopharyngeal closure

44
Q

what is hypernasality usualy associated with

A

velopharyngeal insuffiency

45
Q

what are the signs of hypernasality

A

perception of excessive nasality during vosels, glides (w and Y) and liquids (L, R)

46
Q

what causes hyponasality

A 
Nasal obstruction
midface hypoplasia
septal deviation
choanal atresia
adenoid hypertrophy
47
Q

what are the signs of ypnasality

A

percetpion of denaslity/too little resonance during vowel and nasal consonants

48
Q

what is a nasometer

A

acoustic objective instrument to measure oral and nasal sound energy

49
Q

what does the velopharyngeal mechanism

A

Alters the general shape and resonant characteristic of vocal tracts

  • connects/disconnects oral and nasal cavities
    • speech
    • nonspeech
50
Q

how does the velopharyngeal work in normal speakers

A

moves up and back

lateral pharyngeal walls move medially

51
Q

when does VP closure occur

A

swallowing and speech \

52
Q

what controls the variation of Celopharyngeal closure depend

A

Specific demands of speech sounds and coarticulation

- oral vs nasal consonants

53
Q

who inherently has disrupted VP colute

A

celf palate

54
Q

can VP closure conclusions be made off nonspeach activites

A

No

55
Q

where does the levator veli palatini originate

A

petrous temporal bone and eustacian tube

56
Q

what forms the muscular sling

A

Levator veli palatini with palatal aponeurosis and other muscles

57
Q

what is the importance of levator veli palatini

A

provide adequate veolpharyngeal closure for speech

58
Q

what is done in nasopharyngoscopy

A

A small fiber optic is inserted into childs nares and advanced to see the celopharyngeal port durinspecific speech tasks

59
Q

what are the instruments used to look at velopharyngeal closure

A

Nasopharyngoscopy

Videofluoroscopy

60
Q

what is videofluoroscopy

A

uses Radiation to look at how the VP closes

61
Q

what are the types of velopharyngeal inadequacy

A

Velopharyngeal insufficiency
Velopharyngeal mislearn
Velopharyngeal incompetency

62
Q

is a VP insufficiency related to cleft palate

A

No

63
Q

what are the causes of a VP insufficiency

A 
Short Soft palate
Post adenoidectomy
Palatopharyngeal dysproportion
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Palatal resection due to cancer
trauams
64
Q

signs of submucous cleft palate

A

Bifid uvula
Midline division or diastasis of musculature of soft palate
notch in posterio hard palate

65
Q

what are the types of VP incompetency

A

Dysarthria

Apraxia

66
Q

what causes Congenital dysarthria

A

Cerebral palsy

Myotonic dystrophy

67
Q

what causes acquired Dysarthria

A

TBI
CVA
Degenerative neuromuscular disease

68
Q

what are the types of VP incompenecy from Apraxia

A

Childhood

Acquired

69
Q

what is the articular profile of Cleft palate/VPD

A 
reduced speech sounds
Articulation erros
Audible nasal air emission
weak oral pressure
Hypernasality
70
Q

how does one often compensate for cleft palatate or VPI

A

glottal stops

Nasal fricative

71
Q

what are clottal stops

A

adducting vocal folds abruptly to release a stop like consonant at the level of the larynx

72
Q

what is a nasal fricative

A

substitution of nasal airflow for oral airflow on fricative sounds

73
Q

can speach therapy treat hypernasality

A

No, need surgery or prosthetic

74
Q

standard age of treatment for VPD

A

4 years old

75
Q

what sounds tend to get fucked from dental occulusion

A

S, Z, then SH, CH, J

76
Q

what does an anterior cross bite do to sounds

A

distort S, Z, SH, CH, J

reversed F and V

77
Q

what does Overjet do to sounds

A

P,B,M like a F or V sound

78
Q

what does excessive spacing do to sounds

A

Distort S an Z

79
Q

when should you do dental therapy for speech problems

A

in schoolage children

80
Q

what tends to happen to oclusion of a cleft patient

A 
maxillary transverse collapse and crossbite on side of the cleft
Class III common (class II more common` in COP
81
Q

what is the orthognathic surgery

A

treat skeltal malocclusion and reverese overjet and improve facial form and function

82
Q

what should be done if you need more than 1cm of advancement of the maxillary

A

Distraction osteogenesis (less use Leforte advancement

83
Q

what is speach therapy not effective for

A

Hypernasality of VPD

84
Q

why use a speach bulb

A

palate too short

85
Q

why do a palatal lift

A

Soft palate sufficient in length, but lacks adequate movement

physiology (32 decks)

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