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physiology > reproductive endo (4) > Flashcards

reproductive endo (4) Flashcards

1
Q

what secretes sex hormones

A

Adrenal cortex
Placenta
Gonads (testis and overy)

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2
Q

classes of sex steroids

A

Pregnanes (21C)
androgens and androstanes (19C)
estrogens or estranes (18C)

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3
Q

what is the primary male hormone

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

what is more potenent, DHEA, testosterone, androstenedione, or DHT

A

DHT, then Testosterone

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5
Q

what is testosterone converted into

A

DHT

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6
Q

how is testosterone converted to DHT

A

by the enzyme 5alpha reductase

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7
Q

what is the primary female hormones

A

Progesterone

estradiol

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8
Q

what type of hormone is progesterone

A

Progestin

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9
Q

what type of hromone is estrodiol

A

estrongen

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10
Q

what is the importatance of progesterone in steroid synth

A

precursor for other steroids

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11
Q

how is estrdiol made

A

produced from androgens by enzyme aromatase

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12
Q

can roids be stored

A

Lipophilic, so can’t be stored

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13
Q

what controls synth and secretion of roids

A

neuroendocrine system

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14
Q

what organ are included in the reproductive axis

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitar gland
gonads

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15
Q

when is GnRH released

A

a pulsatile

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16
Q

how do pulsitile hormones generate

A

spontaneously produce action potentials resulting in secretory bursts of GnRH

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17
Q

where is GnRH secereted from

A

pacemaker neurons in the hypothalamus

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18
Q

how do pacemaker neurons develop a pace

A

LEaky to Na, to eventually fire and release GRNH

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19
Q

why are pulsmakers needed for some hormones

A

Body will get used to the hormone

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20
Q

when is Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone released

A

In a pulsating fashion in response to GnRH

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21
Q

where is LH and FSH released from

A

Anterior pituitary

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22
Q

what does LH and FSH stimulate

A

Pulsatile secretion of gonadal steroid

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23
Q

what are the feeback loops on GnRH neurons and gonadotropes

A

gonadal steroids negative feedback on GnRH and LH secretion

females: E2 postiive feedback on LH prior to ovulation

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24
Q

what is the feedback loop given by testosterone

A

Inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH

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25
Q

what is the feedack loop given by estradiol and progesterone

A

Inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH

during reproductive cycle: estradiol from ovary stimulates LH

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26
Q

what do the action of sex steroids have on gonads

A

trascribe poteins that Regulate gametogenesis and hormone synth

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27
Q

what do gonadal steroid regulate in reprodcutvive organ as well as accessory glands

A

Protein synth in reproductive organs, male accessory glands, uterus, breast, and brain

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28
Q

what are the cells of the testis

A 
Speratic cells (gametes)
Leydig cells/interstitial cells
Sertoli cells/ sustentacular cells
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29
Q

what is included in psermatic cells

A

Mitotically active spermatogonia

Meiotic spermatocytes

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30
Q

how does spermatogenesis process in direction

A

spermatic cells move through the wall of seminiferous tubules
- away from basal lamina to apical surface and lumen

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31
Q

where are leydig/interstitial cells found

A

outside the seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

Synth Testosterone

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33
Q

what makes leydig cells sythesize testosterone

A

LH

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34
Q

what is the roll of testosterone in the gonads

A

regulates spermatogenesis

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35
Q

what is the roll of testosterone in the brain

A

regulates Sexual behavior after being aromatzed to E2

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36
Q

what does testosterone do to the whole body

A

regulates secondary sex characteristics

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37
Q

what are the sertoli cell’s roll in the tests

A
  • Are the epithelial cells lining the seminiferous tubules
  • regualte spermatogenesis
  • produce inhibin
  • produce androgen binding protein
  • secrete tubular fluid
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38
Q

what hormone do sertoli cells respond to regulate spermatogenesis and production of inhibin

A

FSH

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39
Q

what is the action of Inhibin

A

negative feedback action on FSH secretion at the level of the anterior pituitar

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40
Q

what kind of hormone is inhibin

A

Peptide

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41
Q

what is the roll of androgen binding protein

A

sequester T in the testes so spermatogenesis is continuous

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42
Q

what does tubular fluid do

A

Provide nutrient support for spermatozoa

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43
Q

what shape are sertoli cells

A

Columnar

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44
Q

what recepot do leidig cels have that sertoli cells do not have

A

LH receptors on leydig

FSH on sertoli cells

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45
Q

what is the benifit of having leydig and sertoli cells separate

A

can develop sex characteristics without having to create sperm

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46
Q

what are the effects of testicular homromes

A

sexual differentiation
Develop and maintence of secondary sex characterisitics
Libido
Sexual behavior

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47
Q

effects of testosterone on females

A

regulate bone growth
Stimulate muscle growth
Stimulate erythropoiesis

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48
Q

what leads to sex differentiation in the featus

A

test from the featal testies

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49
Q

why would testosterone be converted to estrogen

A

Increase sex drive

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50
Q

what is testosterone converted to in the target tissue of the peripheral

A

DHT

Estradiol

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51
Q

can DHT be turned into estradiol

A

No, non-aromatizable

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52
Q

where is testosterone converted to estradiol

A

aromatase in brain and bone

53
Q

why inhibit 5alpha reductase

A

treat hair loss since DHT promotes hiar loss in male pattern baldness

54
Q

why inhibit aromatase

A

treat breast and prostate cancers

55
Q

what is the male counterpart to menopause

A

Andropause

56
Q

severity of andropause

A

Much less severe because no physiological changes

57
Q

changes from andropause

A
  • Increase in emo disorders with aging
  • noobvious decline in reproductive function
  • test decreases, but still fertile
58
Q

is test decline associated with emo problems

A

No

59
Q

4 cells of female reproduction

A

OOcyte
Theca cells
Granulosa cells
Luteal cells

60
Q

what surrounds each oocyte

A

Ovarian follicle

61
Q

where are all oocytes stopped right after birth

A

Prophase of meisis 1

62
Q

how many ovum are released per cycle

A

1 typically

63
Q

what do theca cells do

A

Surround each follicle

64
Q

what is the function of theca cells similar to

A

Leydig cells

65
Q

where are Oocytes stoped at ovulation

A

meiosis

66
Q

when does an oocyte complete meisosi

A

fertilization

67
Q

what do theca cells respond to

A

LH

68
Q

what are granulosa cells

A

Epithelial cells of the follicle (analgous to sertoli cells)

69
Q

how many layers of grnulosa cells are there in a follicle

A

1+ in the early follicle

granulosas continue to surround growing follicles as they fill with fluid

70
Q

what does the follicle eventually develop into

A

Cumulus oophorus

71
Q

when do luteal cells form

A

Present after ovulation when the theca and granula cells from a postovulatory follicle are transformed into the cells of the corpus luteum

72
Q

what happens to follicle growth during the fetal and prepbertal development

A

Primordial follicles continueally mature into primary, preantral and early antral follicles
- eventually under atresia

73
Q

what happens to the follicles after puberty

A

Develop during the ovarian/menstrual cycle

  • undergo atresia
  • progress to large antral follicle
74
Q

what hapens to the large antral follicles

A

A dominant follicle emerges and eventually ovulates

75
Q

what do theca cells respond to

A

Respond to LH

76
Q

what do theca cells snth

A

Androstenedione

77
Q

where does androstenedione go

A

Diffuses into granulosa cell

diffuse into the systemic circulation

78
Q

what do granulosa cells do to androstenedione in response to FSH

A

convert androstenedione to estrogen which is then converted to estradiol

79
Q

what is the action of estradiol

A

Stimulates granulosa cell function and replication
regulates oocyte development
regulates female secondary sex characteristics
regulate bone turnover and arterial function

80
Q

what does estradiol inhibit

A

GnRH and LH sescretion

81
Q

what is secreted as a negative feedback effort on FSH secretion

A

Secretion of inhibin

82
Q

what receptors do larger follicles have lots of

A

More LH and FSH receptors

83
Q

because larger follicles have lots of LH and FSH receptors, what do larger follicles tend to produce lots of

A

E2

Inhibin

84
Q

what do E2 and inhibin regulate together

A

Ovarian cycle

85
Q

what are the steps of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Gonadotropin increase to stimulate follicular development
  2. increase E2 and inhibin; dominan folicle selection
  3. FSH decrease, E2 peaks, LH surge
  4. meiosis I completed, ovulation, CL formation
  5. Increase E2 and P, inhibit gonadotropins
  6. CL regression, decrease steriods, gonadotropins increase
    - restart of cycle
86
Q

what does the slight rise of gonadotropin do during the ovarian cycle

A

leads to growth of follicle leading to estrodiol

87
Q

what happens in the menstrual phase

A

when the CL regresses

steroid support for uterine endometrium is lost

88
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase

A

Follicular E2 stimulate proliferation of the endometrium

89
Q

what signifies the end of the follicular phase

A

Ovulation

Cl fomration

90
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

P and E2 stimulate uterine secretory activity
increase glandular production of glycogen
increase angiogenesis
decrease contactility

91
Q

what ends the luteal phase

A

Decrease in gonadotropics
CL regresses
- restart cycle

92
Q

what happens if pregnancy occures

A

placentra produces human chorionic gonadotropin (

93
Q

what is human chorionic gonadotropin

A

similar to LH

- maintains luteal steroidogenesis until placenta develops fully

94
Q

what is menopause

A

Cessation of menstrual cycles primarily due to ovarian failure

95
Q

what causes ovarian follicles to go away in menopause

A

atresia

96
Q

what are the hormonal consequences of menopause

A

Lose ovarian sterios
gonadotropin and inhibin secreted highly
increase reliance on adrenal steroids

97
Q

what determines gonadal sex

A

SRY protein

98
Q

where is the SRY gene found

A

Y chromsome

99
Q

what is the action of SRY protein

A

Directs indifferent gonad to become testis

100
Q

what hormones does the fetal testis produce to regulate sexual differentiation of internal genitalia

A

T

Anti-mullerian hormone

101
Q

what are the tubules of the developing undifferentiated gonad

A

Wolffian duct

Mullerian ducts

102
Q

how do male hormones act to differentiate to male gonads

A

T stimulate proliferation of Wolfian duct

AMH causes Mullerian duct to regress

103
Q

what does the wolffian duct become

A

the tubules associated with the male reproductive tract

104
Q

what steroids does the developing female gonads produce

A

No significant production of gonadal steroids

105
Q

how does the lack of steroids affect female reproduction growth

A

Absence of T causes regression of the wolffian duct

absence of AMH results in proliferation or maintenace of Mullerian duct system

106
Q

what does the Mullerian duct system become

A

Tubules of the female reproductive tract

107
Q

how long is the fetus undifferentaited

A

9 weeks

108
Q

what external sex organs does the fetus have in both males and females

A

Genital tubercle
Urogenital fold
Labioscrtoal fold/genital folding

109
Q

what stimulates the change of undifferentiated external sex organs to differentiated in males

A

Androgens( T converted to DHT in periphery) from the developing testing

110
Q

what does androgens from the developing testes cause the genital tubercle, urogenital fold, and labioscrotal folds to becomes

A

Genital tubercle-> glans of penis
Urogenital fold-> urethral and surrounding penis
Labioscrotal folds_> Scrotum and skin of penis

111
Q

what leads to the development of the female external genitals

A

abscence of androgens

112
Q

what does the abscenes of androgesn cause the genital tubucle, urogenital fold, and labioscrotal fold to become

A

Genital tubercle -> glans of clitoris
Urogenital fold-> labia minor and urethral opeing
Labioscrotal fold -> labia majora

113
Q

what causes the brain to sexually differentiate

A

effect of T aromatized to E2 in developing male

114
Q

what is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Adrenal enzyme deficiency resulting in excess production of adrenal androgens

115
Q

what causes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

caused by 1+ mutation

116
Q

is severity of congenital adrenal hyperplasia the same

A

Varies depending on the mutation

117
Q

what does a 21alpha hydroxylase mutation lead to in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Impairs synth of cortisol
decreases negative feeback of cortisol on ACTH secretion
increased stimulation of adrenal cortex
increased production of adrenal anrogens

118
Q

what are the clinical signs of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 21alpha hydrozylase mutation

A

genotype XX
phenotype is more male than female
- effect on gonads and internal genitalia

119
Q

what is the penis, scrotum, and prostate gland dependent on to grow

A

DHT-dependent

120
Q

what does 5alpha reductase deficiency (Guevodoces clinically

A
  • Failure of differentiation of eternal genitalia early in life
  • increased T at puberity leads to some differnetaion
121
Q

what is the phenotype and genotype of a 5alpha reductase deficncy

A

XY
phenotype female at brith until early pubery
- effects on gonads and internal genitalia

122
Q

what causes Testicular feminization or androgen insensitivity

A

Lack of functional androgen receptor (T and DHT)

123
Q

what is the clinical signs of Testicular feminization/ androgen insensitivity

A

Genotype XY
phenotype female, condition diagnosed at puberty
- effects on gonads and internal genitalia

124
Q

do circulating hormones increase or decrease with pregnancy

A

dramatically increase of circulating steroids hormones due to placental producation

125
Q

how long does it take for the CL to regress in pregnancy

A

after 3 months

126
Q

what supports luteal steroidogenesis after CL regression in pregnancy

A

HCG

127
Q

what stimualtes grwoth of myometrium in pregnancy

A

Placental E2

128
Q

what is the action of placental P

A

reduces uterine contractily

stimulates vasodilation

129
Q

why is looking at pregancy important for a dentist

A

More susceptible to gingivitis and periodontitis due to elevated steroids hromones
Medication and X-rays affect fetus
comfort during exam or procedure

physiology (32 decks)

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