respiration 4

Question 1

what kind of muscles control rhythmic breathing

Answer 1

skeletal muscles

Question 2

what AP’s bring about inspiration

Answer 2

motor neurons

Question 3

what controls rhythmic contraction

Answer 3

Pacemaker neurons

Question 4

what causes expiration

Answer 4

cessation of motor neurons activity and lung recoil

Question 5

what signals regulate ventilation rate

Answer 5

respiratory gases

H+ concentration

Question 6

what chemoreceptors sense H+ concentration to regulate ventilation rate

Answer 6

peripheral chemoreceptors

Central chemoreceptors

Question 7

what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to to regulate ventilate rate

Answer 7

increase in H+ concentration

decrease in P02

Question 8

what do central chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 8

increase in H+ concentration in the ECF of the brain

Question 9

activity of pacemaker neurons can be modulated by what

Answer 9

Activity of pulmonary stretch receptors

drugs (barbituates and opiates/morphine)

Question 10

a decrease in PO2 sensed by pheripheral chemoreceptors leads to what change in ventilation rate

Answer 10

increase ventilation rate

Question 11

what is the cut off PO2 to begin an increase in ventialtion rate

Answer 11

<60mmHG

Question 12

does ventialtion rate increase only when the blood begins to be depleted of O2

Answer 12

No, since when Po2=60mmHg, Hb is 90% saturated

Question 13

how does an increase in PCO2 or H+ change ventilation rate

Answer 13

increases ventilation rate

Question 14

is ventilation rate more sensitive to PCO2 or PO2

Answer 14

PCO2

Question 15

what is the cut off point for a change in PCO2 to cause a change in ventilation rate

Answer 15

PCO2> 40mmHg

Question 16

what kind of regulator is a central chemoreceptor’s response to decrease in brain pH

Answer 16

primary regulator

Question 17

what does CO2 poisoning symptoms depend on

Answer 17

level of toxicity (can lead to death)

Question 18

what are the non-respiratory sources of H+ that can modify ventilation rate

Answer 18

metabolic acidosis (lactic acid)
Metabolic alkalosis (severe vomiting)

Question 19

does anemia change ventilation

Answer 19

No

Question 20

does CO poisoning change ventilation

Answer 20

No

Question 21

do we understand why ventilation increases with exercis

Answer 21

not really

Question 22

why might an increase and PCO2 not be cause of increased venilation in exercise

Answer 22

venous PCO2 increases, but little change in arterial

• arterial PCO2 unchanged until exercise is v. high (actually does down at first due to hyper ventilation
  
  • — ventilation NORMALLY increases in direct proportion to CO2 production

Question 23

why might a decrease in PCO2 not be the cause of increased ventilation in exercise

Answer 23

venous O2 decreased but not in the ateries

- increased ventilation is proportion to O2 use

Question 24

why might the increase in H+ not be the cause of increased ventilation in exercise

Answer 24

requires intense exercise to be a factor due to lactic acid accumulation

Question 25

what all is needed to increase ventilation during exercise

Answer 25

``` temp proprioceptors in joints Epinephrine and K+ Motor cortex Conditioned responses ```

Question 26

what is hypoxia

Answer 26

deficiency of O2 at the levels of tissues

Question 27

what is hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemia

Answer 27

decreased arterial PO2

Question 28

anemic hypoxia

Answer 28

normal arterial PO2, decreased hemoglobin and O2 content of blood - also CO poisoning

Question 29

ischemic hypoxia

Answer 29

blood flow to tissues is too low

Question 30

histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 30

cells unable to utilize O2

Question 31

what can cause hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 31

Hypoventilation diffusion impairment vascular shunt ventilation perfusion inequality

Question 32

what can impair diffusion in hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 32

thickened alveoli-blood interface

Question 33

when can ventilation-perfusion inequality lead to hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 33

COPD, increasing PCO2

Question 34

does the concentration of O2 change as you incease in altitude

Answer 34

No concentration is the same, but the partial pressure of O2 decreases

Question 35

what is the bodies response immediately to an increase in altitude

Answer 35

stimulation of ventilation | increased anaerobic glycolysis

Question 36

what does an increase in erythropoiesis lead to

Answer 36

polycytothemia

Question 37

where does erythropoietin come from

Answer 37

Kidney

Question 38

what does acclimation to high altitude depend on

Answer 38

increase erythropoiesis increase 2,3 DPC increase other component of O2 delivery and consumption (capillaries, mitochondira, myoglobin)

Question 39

why does the body make more 2,3 DPG to acclimate to the high altitude

Answer 39

shift the Hb-O2 curve to the Right (maladaptive), but because low O2

Question 40

why live high and train low

Answer 40

high cuases acclimation | low allows body to utilize new O2 availability

Question 41

how do we use EPO to blood dope

Answer 41

old: RBC packing/ recombinant human EPO MOdern: gene therapy to increase endogenous EPO

Question 42

side effects of blood doping

Answer 42

increased blood viscosity increased risk of stroke High BP autoimmune anemia