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physiology > respiration 4 > Flashcards

respiration 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of muscles control rhythmic breathing

A

skeletal muscles

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2
Q

what AP’s bring about inspiration

A

motor neurons

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3
Q

what controls rhythmic contraction

A

Pacemaker neurons

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4
Q

what causes expiration

A

cessation of motor neurons activity and lung recoil

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5
Q

what signals regulate ventilation rate

A

respiratory gases

H+ concentration

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6
Q

what chemoreceptors sense H+ concentration to regulate ventilation rate

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

Central chemoreceptors

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7
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to to regulate ventilate rate

A

increase in H+ concentration

decrease in P02

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8
Q

what do central chemoreceptors respond to

A

increase in H+ concentration in the ECF of the brain

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9
Q

activity of pacemaker neurons can be modulated by what

A

Activity of pulmonary stretch receptors

drugs (barbituates and opiates/morphine)

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10
Q

a decrease in PO2 sensed by pheripheral chemoreceptors leads to what change in ventilation rate

A

increase ventilation rate

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11
Q

what is the cut off PO2 to begin an increase in ventialtion rate

A

<60mmHG

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12
Q

does ventialtion rate increase only when the blood begins to be depleted of O2

A

No, since when Po2=60mmHg, Hb is 90% saturated

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13
Q

how does an increase in PCO2 or H+ change ventilation rate

A

increases ventilation rate

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14
Q

is ventilation rate more sensitive to PCO2 or PO2

A

PCO2

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15
Q

what is the cut off point for a change in PCO2 to cause a change in ventilation rate

A

PCO2> 40mmHg

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16
Q

what kind of regulator is a central chemoreceptor’s response to decrease in brain pH

A

primary regulator

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17
Q

what does CO2 poisoning symptoms depend on

A

level of toxicity (can lead to death)

18
Q

what are the non-respiratory sources of H+ that can modify ventilation rate

A 
metabolic acidosis (lactic acid)
Metabolic alkalosis (severe vomiting)
19
Q

does anemia change ventilation

A

No

20
Q

does CO poisoning change ventilation

A

No

21
Q

do we understand why ventilation increases with exercis

A

not really

22
Q

why might an increase and PCO2 not be cause of increased venilation in exercise

A

venous PCO2 increases, but little change in arterial

  • arterial PCO2 unchanged until exercise is v. high (actually does down at first due to hyper ventilation
    • — ventilation NORMALLY increases in direct proportion to CO2 production
23
Q

why might a decrease in PCO2 not be the cause of increased ventilation in exercise

A

venous O2 decreased but not in the ateries

- increased ventilation is proportion to O2 use

24
Q

why might the increase in H+ not be the cause of increased ventilation in exercise

A

requires intense exercise to be a factor due to lactic acid accumulation

25
Q

what all is needed to increase ventilation during exercise

A 
temp
proprioceptors in joints
Epinephrine and K+
Motor cortex
Conditioned responses
26
Q

what is hypoxia

A

deficiency of O2 at the levels of tissues

27
Q

what is hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemia

A

decreased arterial PO2

28
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

normal arterial PO2, decreased hemoglobin and O2 content of blood
- also CO poisoning

29
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

blood flow to tissues is too low

30
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

cells unable to utilize O2

31
Q

what can cause hypoxic hypoxia

A

Hypoventilation
diffusion impairment
vascular shunt
ventilation perfusion inequality

32
Q

what can impair diffusion in hypoxic hypoxia

A

thickened alveoli-blood interface

33
Q

when can ventilation-perfusion inequality lead to hypoxic hypoxia

A

COPD, increasing PCO2

34
Q

does the concentration of O2 change as you incease in altitude

A

No concentration is the same, but the partial pressure of O2 decreases

35
Q

what is the bodies response immediately to an increase in altitude

A

stimulation of ventilation

increased anaerobic glycolysis

36
Q

what does an increase in erythropoiesis lead to

A

polycytothemia

37
Q

where does erythropoietin come from

A

Kidney

38
Q

what does acclimation to high altitude depend on

A

increase erythropoiesis
increase 2,3 DPC
increase other component of O2 delivery and consumption (capillaries, mitochondira, myoglobin)

39
Q

why does the body make more 2,3 DPG to acclimate to the high altitude

A

shift the Hb-O2 curve to the Right (maladaptive), but because low O2

40
Q

why live high and train low

A

high cuases acclimation

low allows body to utilize new O2 availability

41
Q

how do we use EPO to blood dope

A

old: RBC packing/ recombinant human EPO
MOdern: gene therapy to increase endogenous EPO

42
Q

side effects of blood doping

A

increased blood viscosity
increased risk of stroke
High BP
autoimmune anemia

physiology (32 decks)

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