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physiology > endocrinology 3 adrenal function > Flashcards

endocrinology 3 adrenal function Flashcards

1
Q

how many glands are in the adrenal gland

A

2 distinct glands that come from 1 organ in development

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2
Q

what is the inner and outer part of the adrenal gland

A

Inner: adrenal medulla
Outer: adrenal cortex

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3
Q

what does the adrenal medulla develop from

A

Neural crest cells

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4
Q

what system is the adrenal medulla part of

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

what does the adrenal medulla seceret

A

Catecholaminergic hormones

-epinephrine(80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

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6
Q

what does the adrenal cortex develop from

A

Mesothelial cells of the intermediate mesoderm

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7
Q

what is the adrenal cortex part of

A

Endocrine system (not nervous systems

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8
Q

what does the adrenal cortex respond to

A

hormones

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9
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Steroid hormones

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10
Q

what part of the adrenal gland is a modified sympa ganglion

A

Adrenal medulla

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11
Q

appart from the adrenal medulla, what else secretes norepinephrine

A

Postganglionic neurons in the SNS

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12
Q

what converts Norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla

A

Phenyl-N-methyltransferease

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13
Q

what has the greatest affinity for epinephrine

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

what has the greatest affinity for norepinephrine

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

what tissues can E and NE bind to

A

organs and tissues not directly innervated by postganglionic neurons
- liver, skeletal muscle and fat

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16
Q

what happens when Epinephrine acts on tissues not directly innervated by postganglionic neurons

A

Increases availability of metabolic fleul

- stimulate lipolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

how does the adrenal medulla enhance sympa response

A

release hormones to reach added targets without using neural circuits that can also last longer

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18
Q

zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa: outer
Zona Fasciculata: middle
Zona reticularis: innermost, adacent to medulla

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19
Q

why do the different zones of the adrenal cortex produce different hormones

A

contain different steroidogenic enzymes within the cells

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20
Q

what stimulates most of the steroids to be synth and secreted in the Adrenal cortex

A

ACTH (not aldosterone though)

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21
Q

what hormones does the zona fasciulata make

A

Glucocorticoids:
Cortisol
Corticosterone

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22
Q

what hormones does the zona glomerulosa make

A

Mineralcorticoids:

aldosterone

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23
Q

what hromones does the Zona reticularis makde

A

Sex:
DHEA-s
androstenedione

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24
Q

what kind of steroid is aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoid

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25
Q

what enzymes are found in the zona fasciulata, to make their hormones

A

PRegnenolone

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26
Q

what enzymes are found and what are lacking in the zona glomerulosa to make aldosterone

A

Aldosterone synthase

lack: enzymes that convert corticosterone to cortisol or androngens

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27
Q

what is the principle action of aldosterone

A

Stimulate Na and H2O retenion by the kidney

- maintain blood volume and blood pressure

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28
Q

what happens to your Pee when your body releases aldosterone

A

increase in urinary excretion of K and H

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29
Q

what is the steps of Aldosterone action on the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney

A
  • aldosterone-receptor complex binds DNA

- Stimulates Synth of proteins to increase Na and H2O reabsorption from tubular fluid back into blood

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30
Q

what are the effects of aldosterone

A

More Na channels in apical membrane
More Na-K ATPase in basolateral membrane
increased synth of mitochondrial enzymes used in ox phos (electron transport system)

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31
Q

how does Na get from the lumen of the tube, backinto the blood

A
  • Na enters the luminal surface of the epithlium via Sodium permease
  • Na leaves the cell to go to the blood via a Na-K pump
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32
Q

what leads to the secretion of aldosterone

A 
increase in plasma angiotensin
increase in plasma K
Decrease in plasma pH
sdrop in systeic bo
inhibited by increase in Na
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33
Q

what is angiotensin II

A

Hormone produced in response to renin

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34
Q

what is renin

A

hormone release by kidney in response to deecrease in Na or BP

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35
Q

what is the physiologically important hormone in humans

A

Clucocorticoids

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36
Q

what is the major effect of glucocorticoids

A

increase metabolic fuel availability for use in tissues

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37
Q

what is glucocorticoids effect on the liver

A

increase in gluconeogenesis

38
Q

what is glucocorticoids effect in muscle

A

increase proteolysis

decrease glycose uptake

39
Q

what is glucocorticoids effect in fat

A

Decrease glucose uptake

40
Q

what are the whole body effects of glucocorticoids

A

increase lipolysis
decrease immune and inflammatory response
decrease growth and reproductive function

41
Q

what is glucocorticoids effect in blood vessels

A

action of beta adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle to regulate blood pressure

42
Q

what stimulates synth and secretion of glucocorticoids

A

ACTH

43
Q

negative feedback given by cortisol

A

acts on both CRH and ACTH

44
Q

what is the precursor of other sex steroids

A

DHEA

45
Q

what is the roll of DHEA in circulation

A

circulating reservoid for conversion in peripheral tissues containing steroidogenic enzymes

46
Q

strength of DHEA

A

weak androgenic action

47
Q

what does the peripheral concentration of DHEA reflect

A

overall activity of the adrenal cortex

48
Q

how is androstenedois is synthesized

A

by enzymatic conversion of DHEA

49
Q

strength of Androstenedoine

A

stronger androgen than DHEA but weaker than Testosterone

50
Q

what is the roll of Androstenedoine

A

provides non-gonadal source of test and estradiol

51
Q

when is DHEA imporant as a reproductive steroid

A

an important source of reproductive steroids prior to puberty and postmenopausal women

52
Q

why are adrenal sex steroids important

A 
regulate mood 
libido
hair growth
erythropoiesis
acne
53
Q

what stimulates synth and secretion of adrenal androgens

A

ACTH (not GnRH and LH)

54
Q

why is the stress response is important

A

Maintenance of homeostasis and needed for survival
allows body to respond to deviations from normal
good

55
Q

what is a stress response

A

Is a response of the stress axis to stressors that stimulate Hypothalamic CRH neurons and inputs to the SNS

56
Q

what is the stress axis

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
adrenal cortex

57
Q

what does SNS activation lead to in the stress response

A

specific organ responses and increased circulating epinephrin
rapid response in s. mucls stimulation and inhibition
widespread effects of epinephrine

58
Q

what does activation of the stress axis lead to

A

increased secretion of cortisol

59
Q

what does the increased secretion of cortisol from the activation of the stress axis lead to

A

increases the availability of metabolic fuel and other function
- inhibits action of insulin

60
Q

response time of SNS activation and Stress axis

A

SNS: rapid

Stress axis: delayed

61
Q

what are the 3 goals of the stress response

A

Maintain blood pressure
Mobilize and increase availability of metabolic fuel
inhibit non-essential function

62
Q

what tends to be the hormones released via human stress

A

E and NE from adrenal medulla

and cortisol from the adrenal cortex

63
Q

what does the SNS do during stress for quick glucose

A

Increase hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis

64
Q

what does the SNS help to breakdwon

A

Breakdown adipose tissue triglycerides

65
Q

what does the SNS do for the heart during stress

A

increased cardiac function

66
Q

how does the blood change during human stress response due to the SNS

A

diverts bllood from viscera to skeletal muscles by vasocontrsiction in viscera and vasodilation in skeletal muscles

67
Q

how does the lungs change from stress due to the SNS

A

increased ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways

68
Q

what does the presence of cortisol during stress do to organic metabolism

A
  • Protein catbolism in bone lymph muscle and elseway
  • stimulate liver uptake of amino acids and convert to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • maintenace of plasma glucose concetration
  • stimulate triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release og glycerol and fatty acids in blood
69
Q

what does the presence of cortisol during stress do to the vessels

A

Enhanced vascular reactivity (increase ability to constrict in response to NE)

70
Q

what part of human stress responds to the damaging influences of stress

A

Cortisol

71
Q

what part of human stress inhibits inflammation and specific immune response

A

Cortisol

72
Q

what part of human stress inhibits nonessential functions

A

Cortisol

73
Q

what happens if cortisol is high for a long time

A

Can become damaging

74
Q

how long does it take for the catabolic effect of stress to go away

A

can last long as llong as stresor is present

75
Q

what immunologic effect does cortisol have

A

Anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects

  • inhibit cytokines and phagocytosis
  • block prolieration of white blood cells
76
Q

pros and cons of stopping immunologic effects of cortisol

A

Conserves energy

damaging if chronic

77
Q

problems with movment of metabolic fuels

A

leads to atherosclerosis and hypertension

78
Q

what does HSV while having a psychiatric illness lead to

A

Increased recurrences and duration of outbreaks

79
Q

what does having influenza and family dysfunction lead to

A

An increased frequency and severity of illness

80
Q

what does hep B plus exams lead to

A

delayed antibody response to vaccine

81
Q

what is addison’s disease

A

adrenal insufficiency

82
Q

causes of primary insufficiency from addison’s disases

A

Disease
Congenital - improper function, missssing enzymes,
Autoimmune

83
Q

causes of a secondary insufficiency from addison’s disaes

A

Pituitary problem

Glucocorticoid therapy

84
Q

how an glucocorticoid therapy lead to addison’s insufficiency

A

has feedback effects on CRH and ACTH

- can impair a normal stress response

85
Q

why does secondary insufficiency from addison’s disease matter to dentist

A

Complications with maintaining blood pressure during anethesia, diminished immune and inflammatory response

86
Q

symptoms of adrenal insufficinecy

A 
Low cortisol and high ACTH
weakness, lethargy , decreased appetite
Low blood pressure
Low glucose when fasting
Hyperpigmentation due to lack of neg feedback control of POMC production
87
Q

how do you treat addison’s dissorder

A

exogenous gluccorticoids

dietary control

88
Q

what casues Hypercortisolinemia or cushing’s disase

A

typically a pituitary tumor

89
Q

how to treat hypercortisolinemia/cushing’s

A

removing tumor

90
Q

symptoms of high cortisol

A

Tissue catbaolism (bone, skin, muscle)
Diabetes like symptoms
impaired immune
hypertension

physiology (32 decks)

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