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physiology > GI physio > Flashcards

GI physio Flashcards

1
Q

function of the GI system

A

Ingest food and liquid with nutrients
digest large molecules in ingested food into absorbable molecular forms
absorption of nutrients from the gut
metabolic transform of fuel molecules
detox of foreign substance (liver)
Elimination of metabolic end product secreted by the liver
immune function

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2
Q

where does GI tissue start to have the same structure

A

From the mid-esophagus all the way down

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3
Q

what does the surface of microvilli of the GI contain

A

Brush border

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4
Q

how fast does the intestinal epithelial cells turn over

A

17 billion new cells each day
complete turnover
complete turnover every 5 days

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5
Q

what is the vein associated with GI tissue

A

Hepatic portal vein

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6
Q

what is the roll of lymph vessels in the GI tract

A

transport breakdown products for recycling

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7
Q

what is the roll of muscles and nerves of the GI

A

peristallic movements

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8
Q

what does the brush border do to breakdown food

A

Contains enzymes

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9
Q

what are the 5 basic

A 
Carbs
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
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10
Q

what is the intermediate product of carbs

A

Maltose

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11
Q

what breaks up polysaccharides

A

Amylase

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12
Q

what breaks up triglycerides

A

Lipase

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13
Q

where does Amylase come rom

A

Saliva and pancreas

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14
Q

what does the breakdown of carbs lead to

A

Disaccharide maltose

mix of short branched chains of glucose molecules

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15
Q

what breaks down maltose an ingested sucrose and lactose

A

enzymes located on the apical membranes of small intestine epithelial cells (brush border)

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16
Q

where are most ingested carbs digested and absorbed

A

first 20% of small intestin

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17
Q

what are the steps of carbohydrate breakdown in the lumen to be absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells

A

Polysaccharides broken into maltose via pancreatic amylase

brush border enzymes break maltose and ingested disaccharised into monsaccharides(fructose, glucose, galactose

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18
Q

how does Fructose get into the interstinal epithelial cells

A

GLUT5

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19
Q

how does Glucose and galactose get intot he intestinal epithelium

A

SGLT, cotransported with Na

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20
Q

how does Fructose, Glucose and Galactose get into the interstitial fluid

A

Via GLUT2

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21
Q

what keeps Na out of the cell after SGLT cotransports it in

A

Na/K ATPase

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22
Q

what are the enzymes invovled in breaking down complex carbs into monosaccharides

A 
DIgestive Enzymes (amylase)
Ectoenzymes (lactase)
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23
Q

what breaks down proteins in the stomach

A

PEpsin

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24
Q

what breaks down proteins in the small intestin

A

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

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25
Q

what secretes trypsin and Chymotrypsin

A

Pancreas

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26
Q

what digests the peptide fragments to amino acids

A

Carboxypeptidases

Aminopeptidases

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27
Q

where do carboxypeptidases come fro

A

pancreas

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28
Q

where do aminopeptidases come from

A

Apical membrane of small-intestine epithelial cells

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29
Q

how do free amino acids enter epithelial cells of the small intestine

A

Secondary active transport with Na

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30
Q

how are short chains of 2-3 amino acids absorbed into the small intestine

A

Sec active transport using the H gradient

31
Q

where are proteins broken down

A

stomach

Small intestine

32
Q

how does pepsin come into existence

A

Pepsinogen produced in stomach to be cleaved to become pepsin

33
Q

how do small intestine enzymes come to be

A

pancrease release pro-enzymes into small intestine to digest proteins

34
Q

what are the pro-enzymes for peptide breakdown in the small intestine

A

Trypsinogen
Cymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase A and B
Proelastase

35
Q

what initiates the conversion of proenzyme to enzyme in the small intestine

A

Enteropeptidase

36
Q

what turns trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enteropeptidase (on the brush border)

37
Q

what turns proenzymes into active enzymes

A

Trypsin

38
Q

two classes of amino acids transport

A

Na+ dependent

Na+ independent

39
Q

where are tranpsorters of amino acids found

A

Brush bormesder

Basolateral membrane

40
Q

what degrades protein

A

HCl

Proteases

41
Q

how are proteases released

A

Proenzymes

42
Q

can luminal peptidases alone breakdown protein

A

No, also need brush border enzy

43
Q

what are the sources of lipase

A

Lingual lipase
Gastric lipase
Pancreatic Lipase

44
Q

how do you make fats soluble in water

A

breakdown into lipases

45
Q

does gastric emptying increase or slow due to fats

A

Slow

46
Q

how are fats emulsifed

A

mechanically

Emulsifying agents

47
Q

where does fatty acid absorption occur

A

Small intestine (primarily duodenum)

48
Q

where does fatty acid digestionoccur

A

Stomach

Duodenum

49
Q

what is involved in emulsification

A

Bile salt (glycocholic acid)

50
Q

what makes up a bile salt

A

A non-polar side

A polar side (carboxyl and hydroxyl grousp)

51
Q

how does lipase interact with fat

A

Colipase

52
Q

how do Micelles enhanve absorption of fatty acids

A

Miceles are in equalibtium with free fatty acids

Micelles constantly break down and reform

53
Q

are triglycerides, free faty acids, or monoglycerides found in systemic circulation

A

Triglycerides

54
Q

how do triglycerides exist in water

A

enclosed by membrane from endoplasmic reticulum to form a laceal

55
Q

what vitamines are fat soluble

A

A
D
E
K

56
Q

how do vitamins get through intestinal epithelial cells

A

Solubilized in micelles

Passively diffuse

57
Q

what are vitamins released into the body with

A

Chylomicrons

58
Q

what do the absorption patterns of fat soluble vitamines follow the pathway of

A

Fat absorption and other lipids

59
Q

how are water-soluble vitamines absorbed

A

diffusion
mediated transport
(except B12)

60
Q

what is needed for B12 to be absorbed

A

bind to intrinsic factor

61
Q

what does bound vit B12 to intrinsic factor do

A

binds to specific sites on the epithelial cells in the lower portion of the ileum where Vit B12 is taken in by endocytosis

62
Q

what is the important solute for creation of the concentration gradient

A

Na

63
Q

where all does Na absorption occur

A

throughout the entire Gi tract

64
Q

can Na be absorbed against its electrochemical gradient

A

Yes, if small

65
Q

where is absoprtion of Na the highest

A

areas of glucose and galactose or amino acids are being transported

66
Q

what other ions are absorbed in part due to Na

A

Cl
HCO3
K

67
Q

where is Ca absorbed

A

actively by all segments of the intestine

68
Q

is Ca absorbed actively or passively

A

actively

69
Q

what pH are salts soluble

A

Low pH

70
Q

what enhances Ca absorption

A

Vitamin D

71
Q

how efficient is Fe absoprtion

A

Very inefficient (less than 10% absorbed

72
Q

what organ enhances ion absorbption

A

stomach

73
Q

what type of Iron is absorbed

A

Fe++ (Not Fe+++)

physiology (32 decks)

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