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physiology > endocrinology > Flashcards

endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what are endocrine organs

A

Glands

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2
Q

how do hormones travel

A

In the blood

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3
Q

how do target cells impart specificty

A

Via receptor expression

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4
Q

how is the endocrine system connected

A

Not connected

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5
Q

what are most hormones

A

Peptides (small proteins)

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6
Q

types of Peptide hormones

A

Releasing hormones
Insulin
Melatonin

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7
Q

variability of peptide hormones

A

Highly variable

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8
Q

what determines specificity of pepitide hormones

A

receptors on target cells

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9
Q

onset of hormones

A

SLow onset

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10
Q

duration of hormones

A

Long duration

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11
Q

size of peptide hormones

A

Lots of different sizes

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12
Q

what type of peptides are cleared quickly

A

smaller peptide hormones

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13
Q

synthesis of Peptide hormes

A

synth begins with transcription then traslation in the RER

Golgi is where it is prepared and packaged

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14
Q

What all can peptides act as

A

Neurotransmitters or hormones

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15
Q

what is a preprohormone

A

hormone right after the ribsome

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16
Q

What is a prohormone

A

From RER with folding to be packaged

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17
Q

when does a prohormone become a hormone

A

after final cleaving

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18
Q

where often is final cleaving of a prohormone done

A

in the secretory vesicle

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19
Q

why is packaging of peptide hormones important

A

Allows large release

also limits the feedback that would otherwise lead it to stop being produced.

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20
Q

what are lipid hormones derived from

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

what determines what lipid steroid is produced

A

Enzymes

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22
Q

size of lipid hormones

A

Smaller

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23
Q

commonness of lipid hormones

A

Less common

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24
Q

where are cholesterol hormones gound

A

gonads
Adenyl cortex
Placenta
Vitamin D

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25
Q

steps of steroid synthesis

A

binding to receptor
Adenylyl cyclase activates to make cAMP
activates PKA
PKA phospholates proteins to make phosphoproteins
Phosphoproteins take Lipid Droplets from LDL to make free cholesterol
StAR goes to PBD in michondrium with P450 enzymes on inner membrain
shuttling between SER and MItochondria
Diffusion to blood

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26
Q

what takes Androstenedione to make testosterone

A

17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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27
Q

what takes Testosterone to make Estradiol

A

Aromatase

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28
Q

action of Cholesterol Esteras

A

Cleaves the ester bond

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29
Q

why make Cholesterol ester

A

makes it water soluble

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30
Q

action of StAR

A

binds to free cholesterol to put it into the mitochondria

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31
Q

where is cholesterol converted to steroids

A

In the mitochondria

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32
Q

storage of steroids

A

cannot be stored because lipid soluble

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33
Q

what does 17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase do

A

takes the ketone group in androstenedione to an OH group in testosterone

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34
Q

what does Aromatase do

A

aromatizes testosterone to make estradiol

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35
Q

can you undo steps of the steroid biosynthetic path

A

no, most are unidirectional

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36
Q

what happens if their is an enzyme deficiet in the steps of steroid synthesis

A

bottlenecks and backs up

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37
Q

Mineralcorticoid si from what gland

A

Adenyl cortex

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38
Q

Roll of Mineralcorticoids

A

regulation of glucose

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39
Q

what are androgens

A

regulate male features

40
Q

most common androgen

A

TEstosterone

41
Q

what are Estrogens

A

regulate female features

42
Q

most common estrogen

A

Estradiol

43
Q

what type of hormone are mineralcorticoids

A

steroid

44
Q

what are amines derived from

A

Tyrosine

45
Q

what amines are lipid soluble in the thyroid

A

T3 and T4

46
Q

what are amines in the nervous system

A

Catcholamines

47
Q

where are catecholimines that are found in the Glads found

A

Andenyl medula

48
Q

how are catecholamines trasmported

A

water solublie, so like a peptide

49
Q

what are the catecholamines

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine

50
Q

what are Eicosanoids

A

Lipids dervied from arachidonic acid

51
Q

exams of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Prostacyclins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes

52
Q

where all do eicosanoids act

A

Mostly local

53
Q

odd place where eicosanoids can be made

A

in non-endo organs

54
Q

what are leukotrienes

A

white blood cell made hormones

55
Q

how are hormones secreted

A

In short bursts from upward signals

other in a cyclic fashion throughout the day

56
Q

how is LH released

A

in a burst followed by Testosterone

57
Q

exames of cyclic hormones

A

Growth hormone high at night

Cortisol high at the day

58
Q

what can happen to a hormone ocne it circulates in the blood

A

Excted in urine or poop
Inactivated by metabolism
Binds to receptor on target cell
Activated by metabolsim to bind on target cells

59
Q

what determines the secretion of a hormone

A

That wich is present in the blood
Neural impact
By another hormone

60
Q

what helps bind lipid proteins in the blood

A

Binding proteins

61
Q

where are binding proteins synthesized

A

In the liver

62
Q

Roll of binding proteins

A

protect hormone from destruction in blood

63
Q

negative of binding proteins

A

Less likely to bind to target though

64
Q

do peptide and catecholamines enter cells

A

No, act of membrane proteins

65
Q

G-coupled receptors

A

Metabotropic

66
Q

ion channel receptors

A

Ionotropic

67
Q

effect of peptides and catecholamines on the cell

A

Usually cause change in ions and protein phosphorylation (fast)
can also do gene transcription (Slow)

68
Q

what hormones enter the cell

A

Steroids Thyroid hormones

69
Q

action of Steroid and thyroid hormones

A

create a complex that binds to DNA

70
Q

where is the hypothalamus

A

in the wal of the 3rd ventricle as part of the diencephalon region
in the stella turcica

71
Q

how does the hypothalamus talk to the pituitary

A

via the infundibulum

72
Q

what does the anterior pituitary come from

A

The hypophseal pouch off the gut

73
Q

what does the posterior pituitary come from

A

Neurohypophyseal bud from neuroectoderm

74
Q

what is the bottom of the hypothalmus

A

Median eminence

75
Q

adenohypothesis is associated with what

A

the anterior pituitary and Raphke’s pouch

76
Q

what does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

77
Q

Nuclei for the posterior pituitary

A

Supraoptic nuclei

Paraventricular nuclei

78
Q

how does the posterior pituitary release its hormones

A

Synth in hypothalamus
carried down axon to posterior pituitary
released into blood stream

79
Q

action of Oxytocin

A

S. muscle contraction

80
Q

action of Vasopressin

A

REgulate blood Pressure

decreases urine output

81
Q

how does the anterior pituitary work

A

neurons synth releasing hormones
Hormones travel down axon
releassing hormones realeased at the median eminence
travel down hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessel
release hormones there now

82
Q

Action of Corticotropin-releasing horone

A

Stiulates secretion of ACTH

83
Q

Action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of TSH

84
Q

Action of Growth Hormone-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates Secretion of GH

85
Q

action of Somatostatin

A

Inhibits secretion of GH

86
Q

Action of Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

87
Q

action of Dopamine

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

88
Q

axis

A

PAth of a hormone from first step to getting to its target cells

89
Q

POMC

A

Pro-opio-Melano-capsin

90
Q

what can POMC be broken down into

A

lots of different stuff when placed within vesicles

91
Q

what does FSH and LH act on

A

Gonads to do germ cell development and hormone secretion

92
Q

what does GRowth hormone act on

A

Liver and otehr cells to secrete IGF-1

tissues for protein sysnth and carb/lipid metabolism

93
Q

what does TSH act on

A

Thyoid to secrete thyoxine and triiodothyonine

94
Q

what does Prolactin act on

A

breasts to make milk

95
Q

what does ACTH act on

A

ADrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

96
Q

short loop feedback

A

when hormones from the anterior pituitory feeback to the hypothalmus

97
Q

long loop feedback

A

when hormones from 3rd endocrine glands provide feedback to the hypothalmus and the anterior pituitary

physiology (32 decks)

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