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physiology > respiration 2 > Flashcards

respiration 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what determines the volume of air in the lungs

A

magnitude of the pressure change during inspiration and expiration
stretchability of the lung

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2
Q

what is the stretchability of the lung

A

lung compliance

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3
Q

what is the math of lung compliance

A

change in volume/transpulmonary pressure (i.e. change in pressure)

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4
Q

what is compliance the inverse of

A

Stiffness

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5
Q

what are the parts of compliance

A

Lung elasticity

Surface tension

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6
Q

how does volume change as pressure increase in high elastic lungs

A

volume increases rapidly

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7
Q

what is surface tension

A

Measure of the intermolecular attractive foces that stabilize liquid
- pulls molecules together at air-liquid interface

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8
Q

what creates force in surface tension for polar molcules

A

Electrostatic force

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9
Q

is force strong on the liquid of air side

A

Strong on the liquid side

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10
Q

what does the difference in force do to water molcules for surface tension

A

pulls surface molecules toward the water phase, reducing surface area
- remaining surface molcules exert an opposing force called surface tension

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11
Q

how many air water interfaces are there in bubbles

A

Two air-liquid interfaces

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12
Q

what is the inner presssure of bubble in relation to surface tension and radius

A

2 x surface tension/radius
directly proportional to surface tension
indirectly proportional to radius

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13
Q

how does air flow from two different sized bubbles

A

air flows from the small bubble to the large bubble

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14
Q

what does the body do to help overcome the surface tension of the lungs

A

surfactant produced by type II cells

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15
Q

how does surfactant reduce surface tension

A

reduces intermolecular forces between water molecules

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16
Q

how does surfactant secondarily increase surface area

A

alveoli now can be small and numerous and increase surface area

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17
Q

what is surfactant as a chemical

A

amphipathic phospholipid and protein molecule forming a monolayer between air and water

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18
Q

why does surfactant hang out near the surface

A

hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions

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19
Q

does surfactant have greater effect in small or large alveoli

A

larger effect in small

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20
Q

what regulates production of surfactant

A

stretch receptors in type II cells

- deep breathing

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21
Q

what is more important to overcome to support breathing, surface tension or lung elasticity

A

surface tension more important

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22
Q

what does surfactant deficiency lead to

A

respiratory distress

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23
Q

what is the 2nd leading cause of death in premature infants

A

acute respiratory distress syndrom

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24
Q

what are the symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Insufficient surfactant production

lungs resist expansion

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25
Q

how does one treat acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

artifical surfactant

mechanical ventilation

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26
Q

how is resistance in the airway related to airflow

A

inversely raised to the 4th

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27
Q

what besides radius controls airway resistance

A

Transpulmonary pressure
Elasticity of tissues between outside of airways and alveolar walls opens airways during inspiration
neural and chem control of smooth

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28
Q

what does transpulmonary pressure do to the airway resistance

A

dilates bronchial during inspiration

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29
Q

how does the body respond to an increase in resistance

A
  • breath more deeply to increase a change in pressure

- breathe more slowly b/c airflow during expiration is limited

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30
Q

how does the body respond to compliance

A

breathe more rapidly to compensate for reduced change in volume and pressure
breathe shallow to minimize effort

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31
Q

what does asthma do to the lungs

A

Increased airway resistance due to inappropriate contraction of smooth muscle

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32
Q

how does one treat asthma

A

glucocorticoids

bronchodilators

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33
Q

what is emphysema

A

alveolar tissues damaged/destroyed due to overproduction of proteolytic enzymes

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34
Q

what happens in emphysema grossly

A

airway collapse
lack recoil
difficult expiring

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35
Q

what happens in chronic bronchitis

A

mucus or inflmmation impairs airflow leading to deeper breathing due to increased resistance

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36
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

Volume of air entering the lungs per breath

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37
Q

volume of the tidal volume

A

500ml

38
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

the max volume inspired

39
Q

what is the volume of inspiratory reserve volume

A

about 3000ml

40
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume

A

volume exhaled beyond tidal vlume

41
Q

what is the volume of expiratory reserve volume

A

1500ml

42
Q

what is the residual volume

A

volume in the lungs after maximum exhalation

43
Q

what is the volume of residual volume

A

about 1000 ml

44
Q

what is vital capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
+ tidal volume
+ expiratory reserve volume

45
Q

what is the vital capacity volume

A

5000 ml

46
Q

what is the total lung capacity

A

vital capacity+ residual volume

47
Q

what is the volume for the total lung capacity

A

6000ml

48
Q

what measures of lung volume is relevant

A

Vital capacity

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

49
Q

what are the clinical measures changed in obstructive lung disease

A

Decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

normal vital capacity

50
Q

what are the clinical measures changed in restrictive lung disease

A

decreased vital capacity

normal forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

51
Q

what is the equation for minute ventilation

A

tidal Volume x respiratory rate

52
Q

what is the anatomical dead space

A

the air that remains in the conducting airways

53
Q

volume of the anatomical dead space

A

about 150ml

54
Q

what is the best measure of alveolar ventilation

A

includdes the anatomical dead space

55
Q

what is equation for alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal V- dead space) x respiratory rate

56
Q

does increasing tidal volume or respiratory rate have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation

A

increasing tidal volume

57
Q

when can alveolar dead space exist

A

when there is a mismatch between ventilation and blood flow

  • no blood supply to alveolus
  • reduced blood supply to alveolus
58
Q

is alveolar dead space ever zero

A

No, even in healthy lungs, the alveolar dead space is greater than zero due to GRAVITY

59
Q

what is physiologic dead space

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

60
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between air and blood in pulmonary capillaries

61
Q

what is internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood in systemic capillary and cells (interstitial fluid)

62
Q

what are the steps of respiration

A 
Ventilation (bulk flow)
external respiration (diffusion)
gas transport in blood (bulk flow)
internal respiration (diffusion)
Cellular respiration - consume O2 and CO2
63
Q

Dalton’s law

A

mixture of gases total pressure is the sum of individual pressure

64
Q

what individual pressure of a gas in a mixture

A

Partial pressure

65
Q

Henry’s law

A

amount of gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in eq with the liquid

66
Q

what does the pressure of the gas in a liquid phase equal

A

the pressure of the gas in the gas phase

67
Q

partial pressure as a function of concentration of a gas in liquid depends on what

A

which gas it is
Partial pressure of gas
temo

68
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the air

A

PO2: 160
PCo2: .3

69
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli

A

PO2: 105
PCo2: 40

70
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the arteries

A

PO2: 100
PCo2: 40

71
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the interstial fluid

A

PO2: less than 40
PCo2: greater than 46

72
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the veins

A

PO2:40
PCo2: 46

73
Q

what determines alveolar PO2

A

atmospheric Partial pressure of O2
Rate of alveolar ventilation
Rate of cellular O2 consumption

74
Q

what does breathing air with low PO2 do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

Alveolar PO2: decrease

Alveolar PCO2: no change

75
Q

what does an increase in alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

Alveolar PO2: increase

Alveolar PCO2: decrease

76
Q

what does a decrease in alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

Alveolar PO2: decrease

Alveolar PCO2: increase

77
Q

what does an increase in metabolism and unchanged alveolar ventilation do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

Alveolar PO2: decrease

Alveolar PCO2: increase

78
Q

what does a decrease in metabolism and unchnaged alveolar ventilation do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

Alveolar PO2: increase

Alveolar PCO2: decrease

79
Q

what does a proportional increase in metabolisma and alveolar ventialtion do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

Alveolar PO2: no change

Alveolar PCO2: nochange

80
Q

hypoventiatlion

A

Ventilation decreased releative to metabolism

81
Q

how does hypoventilation affect alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

decrease alveolar PO2

Increase alveolar PCO2

82
Q

hyperventialtion

A

Ventilation increased relative to metabolism

83
Q

how does hyperventialion affect alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2

A

increase alveolar PO2

decrease alveolar PCO2

84
Q

does hyperventilation occur in exercise

A

No

85
Q

what happens to alveolar PO2 at high altitude

A

Decreases

86
Q

does compromising the lung’s gas exchange affect O2 or CO2

A

affects O2 more (a bigger problem

87
Q

what can compromise gas exchange in the lungs

A

Disease

Strenuous exercise

88
Q

what part of the lung has greater perfusion and what

A

Lower part of the lung is greater because of gravity

89
Q

what are the sources of inequalities of ventilation and perfusion

A

Vascularized space with no ventiatlion

Ventilated space with no blood supply

90
Q

what is the response due to decreased airflow to region of a lung

A

drop of Pulmonary blood O2
vasoconstriction
decreased blood flow to badly ventilated part of lung

91
Q

what is the response due to a decrease in blood flow to a region of lung

A

decreases alveoli PCO2
bronchocontrscition
decreased airflow to the poorly vascularized part of lungs

physiology (32 decks)

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