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respiration 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what determines the volume of air in the lungs

A

magnitude of the pressure change during inspiration and expiration
stretchability of the lung

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2
Q

what is the stretchability of the lung

A

lung compliance

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3
Q

what is the math of lung compliance

A

change in volume/transpulmonary pressure (i.e. change in pressure)

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4
Q

what is compliance the inverse of

A

Stiffness

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5
Q

what are the parts of compliance

A

Lung elasticity

Surface tension

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6
Q

how does volume change as pressure increase in high elastic lungs

A

volume increases rapidly

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7
Q

what is surface tension

A

Measure of the intermolecular attractive foces that stabilize liquid
- pulls molecules together at air-liquid interface

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8
Q

what creates force in surface tension for polar molcules

A

Electrostatic force

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9
Q

is force strong on the liquid of air side

A

Strong on the liquid side

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10
Q

what does the difference in force do to water molcules for surface tension

A

pulls surface molecules toward the water phase, reducing surface area
- remaining surface molcules exert an opposing force called surface tension

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11
Q

how many air water interfaces are there in bubbles

A

Two air-liquid interfaces

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12
Q

what is the inner presssure of bubble in relation to surface tension and radius

A

2 x surface tension/radius
directly proportional to surface tension
indirectly proportional to radius

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13
Q

how does air flow from two different sized bubbles

A

air flows from the small bubble to the large bubble

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14
Q

what does the body do to help overcome the surface tension of the lungs

A

surfactant produced by type II cells

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15
Q

how does surfactant reduce surface tension

A

reduces intermolecular forces between water molecules

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16
Q

how does surfactant secondarily increase surface area

A

alveoli now can be small and numerous and increase surface area

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17
Q

what is surfactant as a chemical

A

amphipathic phospholipid and protein molecule forming a monolayer between air and water

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18
Q

why does surfactant hang out near the surface

A

hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions

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19
Q

does surfactant have greater effect in small or large alveoli

A

larger effect in small

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20
Q

what regulates production of surfactant

A

stretch receptors in type II cells

- deep breathing

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21
Q

what is more important to overcome to support breathing, surface tension or lung elasticity

A

surface tension more important

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22
Q

what does surfactant deficiency lead to

A

respiratory distress

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23
Q

what is the 2nd leading cause of death in premature infants

A

acute respiratory distress syndrom

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24
Q

what are the symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Insufficient surfactant production

lungs resist expansion

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25
how does one treat acute respiratory distress syndrome
artifical surfactant | mechanical ventilation
26
how is resistance in the airway related to airflow
inversely raised to the 4th
27
what besides radius controls airway resistance
Transpulmonary pressure Elasticity of tissues between outside of airways and alveolar walls opens airways during inspiration neural and chem control of smooth
28
what does transpulmonary pressure do to the airway resistance
dilates bronchial during inspiration
29
how does the body respond to an increase in resistance
- breath more deeply to increase a change in pressure | - breathe more slowly b/c airflow during expiration is limited
30
how does the body respond to compliance
breathe more rapidly to compensate for reduced change in volume and pressure breathe shallow to minimize effort
31
what does asthma do to the lungs
Increased airway resistance due to inappropriate contraction of smooth muscle
32
how does one treat asthma
glucocorticoids | bronchodilators
33
what is emphysema
alveolar tissues damaged/destroyed due to overproduction of proteolytic enzymes
34
what happens in emphysema grossly
airway collapse lack recoil difficult expiring
35
what happens in chronic bronchitis
mucus or inflmmation impairs airflow leading to deeper breathing due to increased resistance
36
what is the tidal volume
Volume of air entering the lungs per breath
37
volume of the tidal volume
500ml
38
what is the inspiratory reserve volume
the max volume inspired
39
what is the volume of inspiratory reserve volume
about 3000ml
40
what is the expiratory reserve volume
volume exhaled beyond tidal vlume
41
what is the volume of expiratory reserve volume
1500ml
42
what is the residual volume
volume in the lungs after maximum exhalation
43
what is the volume of residual volume
about 1000 ml
44
what is vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
45
what is the vital capacity volume
5000 ml
46
what is the total lung capacity
vital capacity+ residual volume
47
what is the volume for the total lung capacity
6000ml
48
what measures of lung volume is relevant
Vital capacity | Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec
49
what are the clinical measures changed in obstructive lung disease
Decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 sec | normal vital capacity
50
what are the clinical measures changed in restrictive lung disease
decreased vital capacity | normal forced expiratory volume in 1 sec
51
what is the equation for minute ventilation
tidal Volume x respiratory rate
52
what is the anatomical dead space
the air that remains in the conducting airways
53
volume of the anatomical dead space
about 150ml
54
what is the best measure of alveolar ventilation
includdes the anatomical dead space
55
what is equation for alveolar ventilation
(tidal V- dead space) x respiratory rate
56
does increasing tidal volume or respiratory rate have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation
increasing tidal volume
57
when can alveolar dead space exist
when there is a mismatch between ventilation and blood flow - no blood supply to alveolus - reduced blood supply to alveolus
58
is alveolar dead space ever zero
No, even in healthy lungs, the alveolar dead space is greater than zero due to GRAVITY
59
what is physiologic dead space
anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space
60
external respiration
gas exchange between air and blood in pulmonary capillaries
61
what is internal respiration
gas exchange between blood in systemic capillary and cells (interstitial fluid)
62
what are the steps of respiration
``` Ventilation (bulk flow) external respiration (diffusion) gas transport in blood (bulk flow) internal respiration (diffusion) Cellular respiration - consume O2 and CO2 ```
63
Dalton's law
mixture of gases total pressure is the sum of individual pressure
64
what individual pressure of a gas in a mixture
Partial pressure
65
Henry's law
amount of gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in eq with the liquid
66
what does the pressure of the gas in a liquid phase equal
the pressure of the gas in the gas phase
67
partial pressure as a function of concentration of a gas in liquid depends on what
which gas it is Partial pressure of gas temo
68
partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the air
PO2: 160 PCo2: .3
69
partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli
PO2: 105 PCo2: 40
70
partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the arteries
PO2: 100 PCo2: 40
71
partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the interstial fluid
PO2: less than 40 PCo2: greater than 46
72
partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the veins
PO2:40 PCo2: 46
73
what determines alveolar PO2
atmospheric Partial pressure of O2 Rate of alveolar ventilation Rate of cellular O2 consumption
74
what does breathing air with low PO2 do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
Alveolar PO2: decrease | Alveolar PCO2: no change
75
what does an increase in alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
Alveolar PO2: increase | Alveolar PCO2: decrease
76
what does a decrease in alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
Alveolar PO2: decrease | Alveolar PCO2: increase
77
what does an increase in metabolism and unchanged alveolar ventilation do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
Alveolar PO2: decrease | Alveolar PCO2: increase
78
what does a decrease in metabolism and unchnaged alveolar ventilation do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
Alveolar PO2: increase | Alveolar PCO2: decrease
79
what does a proportional increase in metabolisma and alveolar ventialtion do to alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
Alveolar PO2: no change | Alveolar PCO2: nochange
80
hypoventiatlion
Ventilation decreased releative to metabolism
81
how does hypoventilation affect alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
decrease alveolar PO2 | Increase alveolar PCO2
82
hyperventialtion
Ventilation increased relative to metabolism
83
how does hyperventialion affect alveolar PO2 and Alveolar PCO2
increase alveolar PO2 | decrease alveolar PCO2
84
does hyperventilation occur in exercise
No
85
what happens to alveolar PO2 at high altitude
Decreases
86
does compromising the lung's gas exchange affect O2 or CO2
affects O2 more (a bigger problem
87
what can compromise gas exchange in the lungs
Disease | Strenuous exercise
88
what part of the lung has greater perfusion and what
Lower part of the lung is greater because of gravity
89
what are the sources of inequalities of ventilation and perfusion
Vascularized space with no ventiatlion | Ventilated space with no blood supply
90
what is the response due to decreased airflow to region of a lung
drop of Pulmonary blood O2 vasoconstriction decreased blood flow to badly ventilated part of lung
91
what is the response due to a decrease in blood flow to a region of lung
decreases alveoli PCO2 bronchocontrscition decreased airflow to the poorly vascularized part of lungs

physiology (32 decks)

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