cardiovascular in health and disease Flashcards
what does a loss of blood lead to
immediate reduction in MAP
what does the body due to hypotension
increase Cardiac output and peripheral resistnance
what happens to the capillaries due to reduced MAP
increase absorption and reduces filtration via constriction
= protect blood volume
what does vasocontriction due to pressure drops
causes a much greater pressure drop over capillary
does the hemocrit change imediately after hemorrhage
No, stays the same
is the hemocrit different after 18 hours of hemorhage
it is lower than normal due to the time it takes for RBC to come around, but lots of plasma to make up blood volume
causes of hypotension
Hemorrhage Allergic response - histamine release -> vasodilation emo stress decreased CO fluid loss (salt and water from diarrhea and vomiting)
how can emo stress lead to hypotension
Decreased sympa and increased parasymp
= vasovagal sncope
what is the goal of increasing MAP
to get blood to the heart and brain, decompensating the rest of the organs
what is shock
A situation in which a decrease in blood flow to organs and tissues damages them
what is hypovoemic shock
a great decrease in venous return
what are the types of shock
Hyopvolemic
Low resistance
Cardiogenic
how does the different ways of resting affect effective circulating blood volume
Lying is least
sitting
standing is most
what is the venous pressure at a given point
Cardiac generation of pressure +
Press eq to the weight of the column of blood to the point measured
what helps to avoid the build up of extra lymphatic fluid in the body and encourage venous return to heart
skeletal muscles pump
how does CO chnage with exercise
Inceases from 5L/min to 35L/min
how does Total peripheral rsistnace change in exercise
Increases
how does the veins help with blood flow to the heart during exercise
Venoconstriction
what does the body do to the baroreceptors during exercise
Chemo and mechanoreceptors in cardiovascular center reset the set point to change CO and blood flow distribution
what is the max oxygen consumption
Vo2 Max
what happens at Vo2 max
Anaerobic metabolism
what limits Vo2 max
Cardiac output
respiratory system delivery of O2
Exercising muscle ability to use O2
what is the limiting factor of Vo2 max
CO (except for highly trained athletes)
what is hypertension
Chronically increased systemic arterial blood pressure (greater than 140/90)
what does Hypertension result from
increased CO
increased Total peripheral resistnace
what is the hormone response of hypertension
Increased renin release in kindeys
increased angiontesnion II release
what does hypertension eventually lead to
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Stroke
what is the main drug to treat heart failure
Beta blockers
what is heart failure
The heart fails to pump an adequate CO
what is distolic dysfunction
reduced ventricular compliance
increased End diastolic pressure
decreased EDV
decreased Stroke volume
what is systolic dysfunction
decrase in cardiac contractility
- lower stroke volume
- lower end diastolic volume
ramifications of heart failure
less rapid dischage of afferent barorectpros increased HR icnreased TPR fluid retention pulmonary edema
can you increase stroke volume and increase HR separately
No
