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Theriogenology > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

when does farrowing occur with periodic farrowing?

A

twice yearly

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2
Q

how old is a finisher pig?

A

up to 6 months

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3
Q

how large are piglets when they are weaned?

A

12-15 lbs

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4
Q

what type of breeders are sows?

A

nonseasonal polyestrous

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5
Q

how prevalent is artificial insemination?

A

90% of USA swine farms

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6
Q

how long does pregnancy last?

A

113-115 days

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7
Q

do nursing sows experience lactation anestrus?

A

yes

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8
Q

what is the weaning to estrus interval?

A

4-6 days

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9
Q

how many oocytes do sows ovulate each estrus?

A

15-30 oocytes

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10
Q

do swine have follicular waves?

A

no

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11
Q

how large are follicles in estrus?

A

7-12 mm

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12
Q

what happens during the follicular phase?

A

number of small and medium follicles decreases: leave roughly 20 follicles 7-10 mm in diameter which will go on to ovulate

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13
Q

what can be seen when a sow is in estrus?

A

standing heat: reflex immobility
redness of vulva with production of thick/whitish mucus

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14
Q

how long does the estrous cycle last?

A

18-24 days
mean 21 days

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15
Q

how long does estrus last?

A

depends on presence of boar
40-60 hours
can vary <24 hours and >96 hours

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16
Q

what is estrus duration affected by?

A

intensity of boar contact during estrus detection
stress
parity
weaning to estrus interval

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17
Q

when does the corpus lutea reach their final diameter?

A

one week after ovulation

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18
Q

how long is development of the corpus luteum and production of progesterone independent from luteinizing hormone production?

A

10-12 days after ovulation

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19
Q

when does PGF2alpha cause luteolysis?

A

day 15

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20
Q

does the corpus luteum last for the entire pregnancy?

A

yes

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21
Q

why does lactational anestrus occur?

A

luteinizing hormone suppression

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22
Q

what is the degree of luteinizing hormone suppression related to?

A

suckling intensity
negative energy balance
stress

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23
Q

what is the common boar to sow ratio for group/pen mating?

A

1:8

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24
Q

when should you mate sows with hand mating/observed mating?

A

24-hour intervals

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25
Q

how can you make sure to not over-use boars in hand mating/observed mating?

A

not more than once or twice a day
rest at least 24 hours after 5 consecutive breedings at 12 to 24 hour intervals

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26
Q

how often are boars collected for artificial insemination?

A

1-2x per week

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27
Q

what is the typical dose of semen for artificial insemination?

A

1.5-5 billion sperm diluted to a total volume of 80-100 ml

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28
Q

sows that don’t conceive after _______________ are usually culled

A

3 cycles

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29
Q

what is the expected conception rates from artificial insemination?

A

90%

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30
Q

when is the first insemination for artificial insemination?

A

12 hours after sow comes into standing heat

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31
Q

what is the classic approach to artificial insemination?

A

intra-cervical

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32
Q

___________________ rotating locks the catheter into the cervix

A

counterclockwise

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33
Q

which female swine are not cycling for estrus synchronization?

A

prepubertal gilts
lactating sows

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34
Q

what is used to induce/advance estrus in non-cycling gilts?

A

boar exposure

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35
Q

what will affect timing of onset of puberty?

A

boar exposure
number of animals in group: larger group makes sooner

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36
Q

when should gilts be exposed to boars?

A

150-170 days

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37
Q

how long should gilts be exposed to boars?

A

5-30 minutes each day

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38
Q

boar exposure will result in _________ gilts in heat in the next 28 days

A

> 70%

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39
Q

what does boar exposure result in an increase in (hormone)?

A

GnRH and therefore luteinizing hormone and estrogen

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40
Q

who is PG 600 injection used in to induce puberty?

A

185 lb and 5 months of age

41
Q

how quickly and reliably does PG 600 induce estrus?

A

> 55% gilts
within 7 days from injection

42
Q

when are the majority in heat after group weaning?

A

within 7 days

43
Q

when does estrus occur after feeding altrenogest?

A

4-9 days after withdrawal

44
Q

how can you induce abortion in sows?

A

prostaglandin injected in pregnant pigs 12-90 days after breeding

45
Q

when does synchronous return to estrus occur after inducing abortion?

A

4-10 days later

46
Q

how can you synchronize estrus with altrenogest (matrix)?

A

feed consecutively for 14 days
estrus occurs 4-9 days after withdrawal
only effective in prepubertal cyclic females

47
Q

how can you diagnose pregnancy?

A

nonreturn to estrus
real-time ultrasonography, doppler ultrasonography
amplitude-depth ultrasound

48
Q

when can amplitude-depth ultrasound be used for diagnosing pregnancy?

A

28-80 days gestation

49
Q

when can you use transabdominal real-time ultrasonography (B-mode) to diagnose pregnancy?

A

21 days onward

50
Q

when is milk present in reference to parturition?

A

6-12 hours before farrowing

51
Q

what are the issues associated with over conditioned sows?

A

more fat in birth canal
overheat faster
do not eat as much lactation feed
do not have as much milk

52
Q

why do impactions occur around farrowing?

A

feeding disruption
reduced movement
stress

53
Q

what are the normal presentation of piglets in the birth canal?

A

cranial or caudal
front or back legs extended toward opening of vulva

54
Q

what is a breach position?

A

caudal presentation with legs pointing cranially

55
Q

how common is dystocia?

A

<=1%

56
Q

what are the signs of dystocia?

A

discharge without straining
straining without progress
only 1-2 delivered and then nothing for 2+ hours

57
Q

what are the common causes of dystocia?

A

uterine inertia
obstruction due to large fetus
malpresentation
hypocalcemia, ketosis: rare

58
Q

what should you give for dystocia?

A

oxytocin 5-10 units IM if no obstruction

59
Q

what can help with the extraction of large piglets in a dystocia?

A

head snare

60
Q

why is induction of parturiton used?

A

program daytime deliveries
allows for supervised farrowing
can be used if sow goes over due date

61
Q

gestation should not go over ______________

A

116 days

62
Q

what can you use to induce parturiton?

A

prostaglandin
prostaglandin and oxytocin

63
Q

what has the greatest single impact on reducing piglet mortality?

A

supervised farrowing

64
Q

how is the prognosis of uterine prolapse?

A

poor for survival

65
Q

how do multiple large cysts (luteal cysts) present?

A

acyclic: do not show heat

66
Q

how do multiple small cysts (follicular cysts) present?

A

irregular cycles
abnormal heat
do not ovulate
infertile

67
Q

what should the incidence of pseudopregnancy (not-in-pig-sows) be?

A

<3% incidence

68
Q

what are the viral causes of pseudopregnancy?

A

parvovirus
pseudorabies
PRRS

69
Q

what are the causes of pseudopregnancy?

A

pregnancy misdiagnosis?
viral infection
heat or social stress

70
Q

what are abnormal discharges usually due to?

A

endometritis (most common)
vaginitis
cystitis/pyelonephritis

71
Q

what are the signs of endometritis?

A

post-breeding vaginal discharge
embryonic death, recycling at 21-day intervals
inflamed endometrium to pus-filled uterus

72
Q

what is the response to treatment of endometritis/vaginal discharge like?

A

poor
often culled

73
Q

how can endometritis/vaginal discharge be controlled?

A

hygeine

74
Q

when are gilts mated?

A

7-8 months
first, second, or third heat

75
Q

what are the ovaries like in the luteal phase?

A

30-90, 1-2 mm follicles
30-50, 2-7 mm follicles

76
Q

when does prostaglandin spike?

A

between days 12 and 16

77
Q

how long is the follicular phase?

A

4-6 days

78
Q

what is the time from onset of estrus to ovulation?

A

36-44 hours

79
Q

how long is the luteal phase?

A

15-16 days

80
Q

how long after the LH surge does ovulation occur?

A

44 +/- 3 hours after

81
Q

what are the negatives of group/pen mating?

A

less profitable
inefficient use of boars
high frequency of ejaculation may lower fertility
some estral females not bred

82
Q

when are sows inseminated with artificial insemination?

A

first 12 hours after come into standing heat
second 12 hours after first

83
Q

should gilts be in the same pen as a boar when exposing them to advance estrus?

A

do not need to
physical contact is recommended

84
Q

what does boar exposure result in in terms of hormones?

A

transient increase GnRH and therefore luteinizing hormone and estrogen

85
Q

what does boar exposure and PG600 result in?

A

more gilts than 70% coming into heat in the nest 5-10 days

86
Q

what does boar exposure result in in terms of gilts coming into heat?

A

70% come into heat in the next 28 days

87
Q

when is single-fixed time AI ovugel protocol injected post weaning?

A

4 days post weaning
AI 24 hours later

88
Q

what is ovugel?

A

triptorelin acetate

89
Q

what does amplitude-depth ultrasound (A-mode) detect?

A

fluid: not pregnancy-specific

90
Q

how are most gestation diets formulated?

A

4.5-5lb per day

91
Q

what are the problems with under conditioned sows?

A

problems in coming into heat after parturition
do not have as much milk

92
Q

if you use prostaglandin only, when will farrowing occur?

A

80% of sows will farrow in next 36 hours

93
Q

if you use prostaglandin and oxytocin, when will farrowing occur?

A

around 12 hours

94
Q

what with induction can reduce piglet weight?

A

early: more than 3 days early

95
Q

what are the negatives of inducing farrowing?

A

may increase stillbirths if sows are not monitored closely
colostrum quality may be reduced

96
Q

do single cysts have an impact on fertility?

A

no

97
Q

how can you control pseudopregnancy?

A

ultrasound exam and recheck after day 35

98
Q

what does weaning pigs at birth lead to?

A

longer weaning to estrus intervals
longer farrowing to re-mating interval
follicular cysts
reduced fertility due to low luteinizing hormone and estrogen levels and poor uterine involution

99
Q

_______________ lactation is standard and should not be shortened

A

21-28 day

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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