Cow Part 1 Flashcards
what is the aim of transrectal palpation?
retract the uterus and palpate the entire elngth of both horns, the ovaries, oviduct, and bursa
what can ultrasonography be used for?
early pregnancy diagnosis
sexing fetus
ovarian scans
what are the four palpable characteristics of a corpus luteum?
size
irregular shape
waist
crown
what is blood progesterone for a functional corpus luteum?
> 1ng/ml
what are the four positive signs of pregnancy in transrectal palpation?
fetal membrane slip
amniotic vesicle
placentomes
fetus
is an enlarged/asymmetric fluid-filled horn diagnostic of pregnancy?
not on own
when can you feel the fetal membrane slip?
> day 30-35
when can you “bump a calf”?
> 5months
when can you diagnose a cow as “open”?
after day 28
what produces pregnancy-associated glycoproteins?
placental trophoblasts
when does the embryo become visible?
32 days
are pregnancy-associated glycoproteins reliable for fetus viability?
no- long half life
what is the goal for days from calving to pregnancy?
100-135 days
what is the goal for pregnancy rate?
> 25%
what is the pregnancy rate?
proportion of open cows becoming pregnant over time: 21 day periods
what is the ideal goal of conception rate?
50%
what is the conception rate for most modern dairies?
35-40%
what is the etiology of vaginal prolapse?
incompetence of vagino-vestibular sphincter
does vaginal prolapse have a relationship with prolapse of the uterus?
no
what does the retention method of vaginal prolapse depend on?
pregnancy status
ability of client to manage
short term vs long term
what is the buhner stitch?
deep perivaginal suture
what are the retention options for vaginal prolapse?
bootlace suture
buhner stitch
minchev technique
cervicopexy
will vaginal prolapse recur during subsequent pregnancies?
yes
what can you use to retract the uterus?
cervix
broad ligament
ventral intercornual ligament
what can you see to indicate whether a cow is in estrus?
rubbed tail head
vulvar discharge
how accurate is diagnosis of a functional corpus luteum by palpation?
70%
what are the supportive signs of pregnancy in transrectal palpation?
enlarged/asymmetric fluid-filled horn
fremitus in middle uterine artery
how large are placentomes at 75-80 days?
1cm or less
what can you use to estimate age?
amniotic vesicle size
placentome size
middle uterine artery fremitus/size
fetus
when can you diagnose a cow as open with ultrasound?
day 28
when are pregnancy-associated glycoproteins detectable in blood?
day 24 to several weeks postpartum
are pregnancy-associated glycoproteins specific to pregnancy?
yes
how can you test for pregnancy-associated glycoproteins?
biopryn
DG29
idexx bovine pregnancy test
blood or milk
what is pregnancy rate for?
measuring current reproductive performance
how is conception rate calculated?
1/services per conception
what can lead to incompetence of vagino-vestibular sphincter?
hereditary predisposition
previous calving trauma
estrogenic
what is 4 degree vaginal prolapse?
long duration with deep necrosis
what is the gold standard for vaginal prolapse retention?
cervicopexy
what does a buhner stitch stimulate?
vaginovestibular sphincter
