Camelid Flashcards
what does ovulation depend on?
size of follicle at time of copulation
what is a small follicle?
4-5mm
will not ovulate
what size of follicle will ovulate?
growing: 6-7mm
mature: 8-12mm
what maintains pregnancy in camelids?
corpus luteum
where are most camelid pregancies?
95% in left horn
how long does stage II of labor last in camelids?
60-90 minutes
when is there a small amount of lochia after birth?
first week postpartum
when is lactational anestrus?
4-12 months
what can be seen on day 12 of pregnancy with ultrasound?
irregular collection of fluid
what is the chance of a camelid losing its pregnancy after 60 days?
5% chance
how common is dystocia?
less than 2%- rare
what is the most common cause of dystocia?
shoulder lock
what are the risk factors for uterine torsions?
large fetus, male fetus, breed, maternal illness
dam behavior- rolling, right horn pregnancies, prolonged gestation
how can you treat a uterine torsion?
roll female
laparotomy with correction and close
c-section
are llamas or alpacas more prone to clockwise uterine torsion?
llamas
what can cause uterine prolapse?
dystocia
manual removal of placenta
excessive use of oxytocin
hypocalcemia
selenium deficiency
what are some causes of infertility?
mismating/human error with hand mating
abnormal ovarian function
developmental abnormalities
immaturity
infection/inflammation
behavioral
what does a luteal cyst look like?
thick-walled large ovarian structure on ultrasound
what is a hemorrhagic follicle?
anovulatory follicle which fills with blood
does not disrupt cycle
what happens in ovulation failuree?
inadequate LH release following breeding when a mature follicle is present
how common are developmental abnormalities?
more common in camelids than any other species
how can you diagnose endometritis?
rectal and/or ultrasound exam
vaginal speculum/vaginoscopy
culture/cytology and biopsy
what does cervical incompetence happen secondary to?
obstetrical trauma
when should you give prostaglandins?
luteal regression/cystic
metritis
therapeutic abortion or induction
what induces ovulation?
cervical stimulation
ovulation-inducing factor
when does ovulation occur?
24-30 hours post copulation
what size is a regressing follicle?
10-7mm
how long is gestation?
335-350 days
can be >365 days
how long is stage I of labor?
<6 hours
when are 80% of camelids born?
6am-1pm
how long is stage III of labor?
45 mins-3 hours
when is the uterus back to normal size?
day 21
when should you rebreed postpartum?
14-21 days
can ovulate 2-3 weeks postpartum with good conception rates (worse if <14 days and >3o days)
what should you do if she is not receptive a week after being bred?
test again in a week: if still not receptive, probably pregnant
what is progesterone like in a pregnant camelid?
> 1-2 ng/ml
if <1 ng/ml, not pregnant
more “open” test than pregnancy test- not specific to pregnancy
who is pregnancy specific protein B useful in for diagnosing pregnancy?
not camelids
cattle, sheep, goats
when is the embryo visible in most in transrectal ultrasound?
day 22+
heartbeat by day 24+
when can you diagnose pregnancy with transabdominal ultrasound?
35-45 days
mid to late term difficult to see- not a lot of fluid
when are uterine torsions common?
2-6 weeks prior to due date
what can you give to induce parturition?
fluprostenol: live cria
dexamethasone: dead cria
how can you diagnose uterine torsion?
vaginal exam: not always
rectal
laparotomy
what are follicular cysts like?
existence is controversial
temporary, lasted 9 days
cystic follicles
how can you treat a luteal cyst?
cloprosterone
how common is ovulation failure?
10%
how can you treat ovulation failure?
GnRH or hCG at time of breeding
do not rebreed within 48 hours: increase risk trauma
what can cause ovarian inactivity?
poor body condition
lactational anestrus
chronic disease
what are some common developmental abnormalities?
hypoplastic ovaries
segmental aplasia
imperforate hymen
uterus unicornis
double cervix
how common is endometritis?
common in female camelids with history of infertility
what can cause a pyometra?
obstetric induced cervical scarring
which prostaglandin can you use in camelids and which can you not?
cloprostenol/estrumate: good
dinoprost/lutalyse: fatal reactions
how can you induce ovulation or treat a follicular cyst?
hCG
GnRH
what is progestin indicated for?
synchronize follicular wave?
maintain pregnancy in female with luteal insufficiency
how can you collect semen?
electroejaculation
specialized AV
aspirate or scoop vagina
what is semen like?
1-3ml
very slow, highly viscous
low concentration
what is morphology for semen?
> 70% for highly fertile males, not concrete standards
