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Theriogenology > Camelid > Flashcards

Camelid Flashcards

1
Q

what does ovulation depend on?

A

size of follicle at time of copulation

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2
Q

what is a small follicle?

A

4-5mm
will not ovulate

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3
Q

what size of follicle will ovulate?

A

growing: 6-7mm
mature: 8-12mm

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4
Q

what maintains pregnancy in camelids?

A

corpus luteum

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5
Q

where are most camelid pregancies?

A

95% in left horn

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6
Q

how long does stage II of labor last in camelids?

A

60-90 minutes

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7
Q

when is there a small amount of lochia after birth?

A

first week postpartum

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8
Q

when is lactational anestrus?

A

4-12 months

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9
Q

what can be seen on day 12 of pregnancy with ultrasound?

A

irregular collection of fluid

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10
Q

what is the chance of a camelid losing its pregnancy after 60 days?

A

5% chance

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11
Q

how common is dystocia?

A

less than 2%- rare

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12
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia?

A

shoulder lock

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13
Q

what are the risk factors for uterine torsions?

A

large fetus, male fetus, breed, maternal illness
dam behavior- rolling, right horn pregnancies, prolonged gestation

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14
Q

how can you treat a uterine torsion?

A

roll female
laparotomy with correction and close
c-section

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15
Q

are llamas or alpacas more prone to clockwise uterine torsion?

A

llamas

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16
Q

what can cause uterine prolapse?

A

dystocia
manual removal of placenta
excessive use of oxytocin
hypocalcemia
selenium deficiency

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17
Q

what are some causes of infertility?

A

mismating/human error with hand mating
abnormal ovarian function
developmental abnormalities
immaturity
infection/inflammation
behavioral

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18
Q

what does a luteal cyst look like?

A

thick-walled large ovarian structure on ultrasound

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19
Q

what is a hemorrhagic follicle?

A

anovulatory follicle which fills with blood
does not disrupt cycle

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20
Q

what happens in ovulation failuree?

A

inadequate LH release following breeding when a mature follicle is present

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21
Q

how common are developmental abnormalities?

A

more common in camelids than any other species

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22
Q

how can you diagnose endometritis?

A

rectal and/or ultrasound exam
vaginal speculum/vaginoscopy
culture/cytology and biopsy

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23
Q

what does cervical incompetence happen secondary to?

A

obstetrical trauma

24
Q

when should you give prostaglandins?

A

luteal regression/cystic
metritis
therapeutic abortion or induction

25
Q

what induces ovulation?

A

cervical stimulation
ovulation-inducing factor

26
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

24-30 hours post copulation

27
Q

what size is a regressing follicle?

A

10-7mm

28
Q

how long is gestation?

A

335-350 days
can be >365 days

29
Q

how long is stage I of labor?

A

<6 hours

30
Q

when are 80% of camelids born?

A

6am-1pm

31
Q

how long is stage III of labor?

A

45 mins-3 hours

32
Q

when is the uterus back to normal size?

A

day 21

33
Q

when should you rebreed postpartum?

A

14-21 days
can ovulate 2-3 weeks postpartum with good conception rates (worse if <14 days and >3o days)

34
Q

what should you do if she is not receptive a week after being bred?

A

test again in a week: if still not receptive, probably pregnant

35
Q

what is progesterone like in a pregnant camelid?

A

> 1-2 ng/ml
if <1 ng/ml, not pregnant
more “open” test than pregnancy test- not specific to pregnancy

36
Q

who is pregnancy specific protein B useful in for diagnosing pregnancy?

A

not camelids
cattle, sheep, goats

37
Q

when is the embryo visible in most in transrectal ultrasound?

A

day 22+
heartbeat by day 24+

38
Q

when can you diagnose pregnancy with transabdominal ultrasound?

A

35-45 days
mid to late term difficult to see- not a lot of fluid

39
Q

when are uterine torsions common?

A

2-6 weeks prior to due date

40
Q

what can you give to induce parturition?

A

fluprostenol: live cria
dexamethasone: dead cria

41
Q

how can you diagnose uterine torsion?

A

vaginal exam: not always
rectal
laparotomy

42
Q

what are follicular cysts like?

A

existence is controversial
temporary, lasted 9 days
cystic follicles

43
Q

how can you treat a luteal cyst?

A

cloprosterone

44
Q

how common is ovulation failure?

A

10%

45
Q

how can you treat ovulation failure?

A

GnRH or hCG at time of breeding
do not rebreed within 48 hours: increase risk trauma

46
Q

what can cause ovarian inactivity?

A

poor body condition
lactational anestrus
chronic disease

47
Q

what are some common developmental abnormalities?

A

hypoplastic ovaries
segmental aplasia
imperforate hymen
uterus unicornis
double cervix

48
Q

how common is endometritis?

A

common in female camelids with history of infertility

49
Q

what can cause a pyometra?

A

obstetric induced cervical scarring

50
Q

which prostaglandin can you use in camelids and which can you not?

A

cloprostenol/estrumate: good
dinoprost/lutalyse: fatal reactions

51
Q

how can you induce ovulation or treat a follicular cyst?

A

hCG
GnRH

52
Q

what is progestin indicated for?

A

synchronize follicular wave?
maintain pregnancy in female with luteal insufficiency

53
Q

how can you collect semen?

A

electroejaculation
specialized AV
aspirate or scoop vagina

54
Q

what is semen like?

A

1-3ml
very slow, highly viscous
low concentration

55
Q

what is morphology for semen?

A

> 70% for highly fertile males, not concrete standards

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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