Small Animal- Bitch Flashcards
when is vaginal cytology useful?
when bitch does not show signs of heat
inexpensive
any practitioner can do
when does puberty occur?
typically 6-24 months
what is the interestrus period?
5-7 months on average
diestrus and anestrus: interestrus
how long does proestrus usually last?
9 days
how long does estrus usually last?
9 days
when does ovulation occur?
2-3 days after luteinizing hormone peak
how long does diestrus last in the non-pregnant bitch?
60 days average
how long does anestrus last?
average 4-6 months
how is brucellosis transmitted?
mucosal
what are the four types of cells on vaginal cytology?
parabasalar
intermediate
superficial
anuclear
are serial quantitative progesterone assays accurate for breeding?
yes- very accurate
what can you use to artificially inseminate bitches?
vaginal insemination
trans-cervical insemination
intrauterine/surgical insemination
what is a short interestrus interval?
<4 months
what is anovulatory cycle/split heats?
follicular phase with estrogen production is not followed with ovulation as expected
who is juvenile vaginitis commonly seen in?
puppies
what are some causes of post-pubertal vaginitis?
anatomy: bands, strictures
foreign bodies
genitourinary infection
who is vaginal hyperplasia commonly seen in?
young bitches
large breeds
brachycephalic breeds
when does pseudocyesis/false pregnancy occur?
end of diestrus- 65-70 days after heat
when might medical management for pyometra be a good option?
open pyometra
cardiovascular stability
good breeding potential
how long is gestation?
63 days after ovulation
65 days after LH surge
when do embryos reach the uterus?
10 days post ovulation
when can ultrasound diagnose pregnancy?
25-35 days
when can you see the skull and spine on x-rays?
42-45 days
when is a good time to take x-rays for a fetal count?
> 55 days
what releases relaxin?
gravid uterus to relax pelvis and vagina
when should you increase caloric intake for pregnancy?
last 1-2 weeks of gestation
what are the early signs of parturition?
temperature fall 12-24 hours before labor onset
relaxation of gravid abdomen
mammary engorgement or milk expression
serial progesterone assessments
how long can stage 1 of labor last?
> 24 hours
how often should puppies be delivered during stage 2 of labor?
every 30-60 minutes
when is green vaginal discharge normal?
bitch in labor
uteroverdin
what is lochia?
green to brown postpartum discharge
no odor
lasts 4-6 weeks
what is mismating?
unwanted/unplanned pregnancy
about 50% of the time, they are not pregnant
what is alizin/aglepristone?
synthetic progesterone antagonist
used in pyometra and mismating medical management
what is Brucella canis?
venereal disease spread through mucosal contact
what does Brucella canis cause in bitches?
infertility
abortion
stillbirth
how is canine herpesvirus spread?
venereal
transplacental
transvaginal
oronasal
what is the mortality rate of canine herpesvirus in pups <1 month old?
nearly 100%
where is canine mycoplasma found normally?
upper respiratory and genital tracts in over 75% of dogs
normal bacteria
what is hypoluteoidism?
premature failure of progesterone by luteal tissue, causing low progesterone levels that prevent embryonic retention
what can you use ultrasound to check for in a dystocia?
fetal motion
fetal heart rate
how can you treat primary uterine inertia?
c-section
what is agalactia?
lack of milk production
how common is agalactia?
very rare
what is mastitis?
bacterial infection of mammary glands
localized single or diffuse multiple glands
what do cultures for mastitis usually show?
E. coli
S. aureus
what is the key sign of postpartum metritis?
purulent vulvar discharge: odorous, systemic illness possible, failure to thrive possible in puppies
what is subinvolution of placental sites?
abnormal repair of endometrial placental sites with invasion of trophoblast-like cells
what is onset of puberty affected by?
breed
environment
body size and condition
what type of estrous cycle do bitches have?
monoestrus
when does estrogen rise?
peaks before LH surge before ovulation
end of proestrus
what is vaginal cytology like in proestrus?
mix of red blood cells, parabasalar cells, and intermediate cells
mild vulvar swelling and bleeding
what are hormone levels like in proestrus/follicular phase?
progesterone levels baseline
increasing estrogen levels
what does estrus start with?
LH surge and rising progesterone levels
what is vaginal cytology like in estrus?
red blood cells
increasing superficial and anulcear cells/cornification
what are hormones like in estrus?
rising progesterone
estrogen levels decrease
how long does the LH peak last?
8-24 hours
when do ova mature?
2 days after ovulation
4 days after LH peak
what is vaginal cytology like in diestrus/luteal phase?
influx of parabasalar cells and neutrophils
when are bitches fertile?
days 4-7 after LH surge
how old should a bitch be before breeding?
minimum 2 years
how can you test for brucellosis?
AGID gold standard, long time
RSAT in-house serology: high sensitivity, false positives can occur
IFA: 24 hours
is there a vaccine for brucellosis?
no
what can you use for ovulation timing management?
vaginal cytology
progesterone testing
LH testing
what are the cons of vaginal cytology?
subject to interpretation
cannot predict ovulation
bitches may be sensitive to sampling, especially if not in estrus
what are the cons of progesterone testing?
expensive
12-24 hour turnaround through Idexx labs
when is LH testing best used?
when paired with serial/intermittent progesterone testing
what does LH testing require for precision?
daily sampling
can use frozen serum
what is the breeding technique decision based on?
bitch’s ovulatory cycle
stud dog availability and semen lifespan
cost
how long is fresh semen viable in the bitch?
5-7 days
how long is chilled semen viable in the bitch?
48-72 hours
which types of semen can be used for vaginal insemination?
fresh
chilled?
what can cause no estrous cycle?
chromosomal abnormalities
endocrine diseases
medications
what can cause a long interestrus interval?
aging: >6 years
endocrine disease
why is a short interestrus interval a problem?
uterus cannot involute properly
what can cause a short interestrus interval?
uterine infection
inadequate luteal phase: hypoluteoidism
what are the reproductive diseases in the non-pregnant bitch?
vaginitis
vaginal hyperplasia
vaginal prolapse
pseudocyesis
pyometra
what are the clinical signs of vaginitis?
clear or yellow-tinged vulvar discharge
acne-like appearance to vulva
constant licking
how can you treat juvenile vaginitis?
self-limiting, often does not recur
no antibiotics
probiotics
what should you rule out for post-pubertal vaginitis?
estrus
postpartum lochia
uterine disease- pyometra
what is vaginal hyperplasia?
hypertrophied vaginal floor protrudes out of vulva
secondary to effects of estrogen
when can vaginal prolapse occur?
estrus
pregnancy
postpartum
should you spay a dog in late estrus or diestrus?
no- wait 4-6 weeks
what is pyometra secondary to?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
progesterone-induced disease but estrogen enhances
what can you use for contraception?
deslorelin/suprelorin implants
ovary-sparing spay
what are deslorelin implants approved by the FDA for?
ferrets with adrenocortical disease
what are deslorelin implants?
slow-release GnRH agonist
what maintains pregnancy in the bitch?
corpus luteum
not fetus
when does implantation occur?
16-18 days
what is placentation in bitches?
zonary
endotheliochorial
when can pregnancy be diagnosed by abdominal palpation?
20-25 days
when can you see teeth on radiographs?
56-61 days
when is relaxin assay best used for pregnancy diagnosis?
after 30 days
are there any supplements that should be used during pregnancy?
folic acid/vitamin B9 in brachycephalic breeds
what is vaginal discharge like in stage I of labor?
clear to watery vaginal discharge
what is vaginal discharge like in stage II of labor?
clear, watery, serosanguinous and green- uteroverdin
what are the infectious causes of abortion?
Brucella canis
canine herpesvirus
Mycoplasma
how common is early embryonic loss?
can be up to 30% of pregnancies
what are the treatment possibilities for mismating?
allow to have litter
OHE
medical management of abortion
what can be given to induce abortion in mismating?
prostaglandins
progesterone antagonist alizin (only in USA with special USDA license)
is Brucella canis zoonotic?
yes
where is a vaccine for canine herpesvirus available?
only EU
what is seen on necropsy with canine herpesvirus?
hemorrhagic lesions/petechiae in lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen
white focal lesions on underdeveloped placenta
how can you diagnose hypoluteoidism?
confirm viable fetuses on ultrasound
serum progesterone <15 ng/ml is red flag, monitor trends
what are the treatment options for hypoluteoidism?
progesterone in oil
altrenogest
oral micronized progesterone
what is pregnancy toxemia?
life threatening condition of dam and fetuses
late pregnancy hypoglycemia and ketonemia/ketonuria
why should you do a digital exam with a dystocia?
check for vaginal tone and contractions
how should oxytocin be doses for a nonobstructive dystocia?
microdoses intermittently
high doses saturate receptors and are ineffective
how can you treat agalactia?
domperidone or metoclopramide
oxytocin
hydration
anti-anxiety meds
what is galactostasis?
excessive milk production without demand, seen typically during weaning
when is postpartum metritis usually seen?
within 3 weeks postpartum
how can you diagnose eclampsia?
serum ionized calcium measurements
