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Theriogenology > Small Animal- Bitch > Flashcards

Small Animal- Bitch Flashcards

1
Q

when is vaginal cytology useful?

A

when bitch does not show signs of heat
inexpensive
any practitioner can do

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2
Q

when does puberty occur?

A

typically 6-24 months

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3
Q

what is the interestrus period?

A

5-7 months on average
diestrus and anestrus: interestrus

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4
Q

how long does proestrus usually last?

A

9 days

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5
Q

how long does estrus usually last?

A

9 days

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6
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

2-3 days after luteinizing hormone peak

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7
Q

how long does diestrus last in the non-pregnant bitch?

A

60 days average

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8
Q

how long does anestrus last?

A

average 4-6 months

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9
Q

how is brucellosis transmitted?

A

mucosal

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10
Q

what are the four types of cells on vaginal cytology?

A

parabasalar
intermediate
superficial
anuclear

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11
Q

are serial quantitative progesterone assays accurate for breeding?

A

yes- very accurate

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12
Q

what can you use to artificially inseminate bitches?

A

vaginal insemination
trans-cervical insemination
intrauterine/surgical insemination

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13
Q

what is a short interestrus interval?

A

<4 months

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14
Q

what is anovulatory cycle/split heats?

A

follicular phase with estrogen production is not followed with ovulation as expected

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15
Q

who is juvenile vaginitis commonly seen in?

A

puppies

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16
Q

what are some causes of post-pubertal vaginitis?

A

anatomy: bands, strictures
foreign bodies
genitourinary infection

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17
Q

who is vaginal hyperplasia commonly seen in?

A

young bitches
large breeds
brachycephalic breeds

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18
Q

when does pseudocyesis/false pregnancy occur?

A

end of diestrus- 65-70 days after heat

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19
Q

when might medical management for pyometra be a good option?

A

open pyometra
cardiovascular stability
good breeding potential

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20
Q

how long is gestation?

A

63 days after ovulation
65 days after LH surge

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21
Q

when do embryos reach the uterus?

A

10 days post ovulation

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22
Q

when can ultrasound diagnose pregnancy?

A

25-35 days

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23
Q

when can you see the skull and spine on x-rays?

A

42-45 days

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24
Q

when is a good time to take x-rays for a fetal count?

A

> 55 days

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25
Q

what releases relaxin?

A

gravid uterus to relax pelvis and vagina

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26
Q

when should you increase caloric intake for pregnancy?

A

last 1-2 weeks of gestation

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27
Q

what are the early signs of parturition?

A

temperature fall 12-24 hours before labor onset
relaxation of gravid abdomen
mammary engorgement or milk expression
serial progesterone assessments

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28
Q

how long can stage 1 of labor last?

A

> 24 hours

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29
Q

how often should puppies be delivered during stage 2 of labor?

A

every 30-60 minutes

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30
Q

when is green vaginal discharge normal?

A

bitch in labor
uteroverdin

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31
Q

what is lochia?

A

green to brown postpartum discharge
no odor
lasts 4-6 weeks

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32
Q

what is mismating?

A

unwanted/unplanned pregnancy
about 50% of the time, they are not pregnant

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33
Q

what is alizin/aglepristone?

A

synthetic progesterone antagonist
used in pyometra and mismating medical management

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34
Q

what is Brucella canis?

A

venereal disease spread through mucosal contact

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35
Q

what does Brucella canis cause in bitches?

A

infertility
abortion
stillbirth

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36
Q

how is canine herpesvirus spread?

A

venereal
transplacental
transvaginal
oronasal

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37
Q

what is the mortality rate of canine herpesvirus in pups <1 month old?

A

nearly 100%

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38
Q

where is canine mycoplasma found normally?

A

upper respiratory and genital tracts in over 75% of dogs
normal bacteria

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39
Q

what is hypoluteoidism?

A

premature failure of progesterone by luteal tissue, causing low progesterone levels that prevent embryonic retention

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40
Q

what can you use ultrasound to check for in a dystocia?

A

fetal motion
fetal heart rate

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41
Q

how can you treat primary uterine inertia?

A

c-section

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42
Q

what is agalactia?

A

lack of milk production

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43
Q

how common is agalactia?

A

very rare

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44
Q

what is mastitis?

A

bacterial infection of mammary glands
localized single or diffuse multiple glands

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45
Q

what do cultures for mastitis usually show?

A

E. coli
S. aureus

46
Q

what is the key sign of postpartum metritis?

A

purulent vulvar discharge: odorous, systemic illness possible, failure to thrive possible in puppies

47
Q

what is subinvolution of placental sites?

A

abnormal repair of endometrial placental sites with invasion of trophoblast-like cells

48
Q

what is onset of puberty affected by?

A

breed
environment
body size and condition

49
Q

what type of estrous cycle do bitches have?

A

monoestrus

50
Q

when does estrogen rise?

A

peaks before LH surge before ovulation
end of proestrus

51
Q

what is vaginal cytology like in proestrus?

A

mix of red blood cells, parabasalar cells, and intermediate cells
mild vulvar swelling and bleeding

52
Q

what are hormone levels like in proestrus/follicular phase?

A

progesterone levels baseline
increasing estrogen levels

53
Q

what does estrus start with?

A

LH surge and rising progesterone levels

54
Q

what is vaginal cytology like in estrus?

A

red blood cells
increasing superficial and anulcear cells/cornification

55
Q

what are hormones like in estrus?

A

rising progesterone
estrogen levels decrease

56
Q

how long does the LH peak last?

A

8-24 hours

57
Q

when do ova mature?

A

2 days after ovulation
4 days after LH peak

58
Q

what is vaginal cytology like in diestrus/luteal phase?

A

influx of parabasalar cells and neutrophils

59
Q

when are bitches fertile?

A

days 4-7 after LH surge

60
Q

how old should a bitch be before breeding?

A

minimum 2 years

61
Q

how can you test for brucellosis?

A

AGID gold standard, long time
RSAT in-house serology: high sensitivity, false positives can occur
IFA: 24 hours

62
Q

is there a vaccine for brucellosis?

A

no

63
Q

what can you use for ovulation timing management?

A

vaginal cytology
progesterone testing
LH testing

64
Q

what are the cons of vaginal cytology?

A

subject to interpretation
cannot predict ovulation
bitches may be sensitive to sampling, especially if not in estrus

65
Q

what are the cons of progesterone testing?

A

expensive
12-24 hour turnaround through Idexx labs

66
Q

when is LH testing best used?

A

when paired with serial/intermittent progesterone testing

67
Q

what does LH testing require for precision?

A

daily sampling
can use frozen serum

68
Q

what is the breeding technique decision based on?

A

bitch’s ovulatory cycle
stud dog availability and semen lifespan
cost

69
Q

how long is fresh semen viable in the bitch?

A

5-7 days

70
Q

how long is chilled semen viable in the bitch?

A

48-72 hours

71
Q

which types of semen can be used for vaginal insemination?

A

fresh
chilled?

72
Q

what can cause no estrous cycle?

A

chromosomal abnormalities
endocrine diseases
medications

73
Q

what can cause a long interestrus interval?

A

aging: >6 years
endocrine disease

74
Q

why is a short interestrus interval a problem?

A

uterus cannot involute properly

75
Q

what can cause a short interestrus interval?

A

uterine infection
inadequate luteal phase: hypoluteoidism

76
Q

what are the reproductive diseases in the non-pregnant bitch?

A

vaginitis
vaginal hyperplasia
vaginal prolapse
pseudocyesis
pyometra

77
Q

what are the clinical signs of vaginitis?

A

clear or yellow-tinged vulvar discharge
acne-like appearance to vulva
constant licking

78
Q

how can you treat juvenile vaginitis?

A

self-limiting, often does not recur
no antibiotics
probiotics

79
Q

what should you rule out for post-pubertal vaginitis?

A

estrus
postpartum lochia
uterine disease- pyometra

80
Q

what is vaginal hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophied vaginal floor protrudes out of vulva
secondary to effects of estrogen

81
Q

when can vaginal prolapse occur?

A

estrus
pregnancy
postpartum

82
Q

should you spay a dog in late estrus or diestrus?

A

no- wait 4-6 weeks

83
Q

what is pyometra secondary to?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia
progesterone-induced disease but estrogen enhances

84
Q

what can you use for contraception?

A

deslorelin/suprelorin implants
ovary-sparing spay

85
Q

what are deslorelin implants approved by the FDA for?

A

ferrets with adrenocortical disease

86
Q

what are deslorelin implants?

A

slow-release GnRH agonist

87
Q

what maintains pregnancy in the bitch?

A

corpus luteum
not fetus

88
Q

when does implantation occur?

A

16-18 days

89
Q

what is placentation in bitches?

A

zonary
endotheliochorial

90
Q

when can pregnancy be diagnosed by abdominal palpation?

A

20-25 days

91
Q

when can you see teeth on radiographs?

A

56-61 days

92
Q

when is relaxin assay best used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

after 30 days

93
Q

are there any supplements that should be used during pregnancy?

A

folic acid/vitamin B9 in brachycephalic breeds

94
Q

what is vaginal discharge like in stage I of labor?

A

clear to watery vaginal discharge

95
Q

what is vaginal discharge like in stage II of labor?

A

clear, watery, serosanguinous and green- uteroverdin

96
Q

what are the infectious causes of abortion?

A

Brucella canis
canine herpesvirus
Mycoplasma

97
Q

how common is early embryonic loss?

A

can be up to 30% of pregnancies

98
Q

what are the treatment possibilities for mismating?

A

allow to have litter
OHE
medical management of abortion

99
Q

what can be given to induce abortion in mismating?

A

prostaglandins
progesterone antagonist alizin (only in USA with special USDA license)

100
Q

is Brucella canis zoonotic?

A

yes

101
Q

where is a vaccine for canine herpesvirus available?

A

only EU

102
Q

what is seen on necropsy with canine herpesvirus?

A

hemorrhagic lesions/petechiae in lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen
white focal lesions on underdeveloped placenta

103
Q

how can you diagnose hypoluteoidism?

A

confirm viable fetuses on ultrasound
serum progesterone <15 ng/ml is red flag, monitor trends

104
Q

what are the treatment options for hypoluteoidism?

A

progesterone in oil
altrenogest
oral micronized progesterone

105
Q

what is pregnancy toxemia?

A

life threatening condition of dam and fetuses
late pregnancy hypoglycemia and ketonemia/ketonuria

106
Q

why should you do a digital exam with a dystocia?

A

check for vaginal tone and contractions

107
Q

how should oxytocin be doses for a nonobstructive dystocia?

A

microdoses intermittently
high doses saturate receptors and are ineffective

108
Q

how can you treat agalactia?

A

domperidone or metoclopramide
oxytocin
hydration
anti-anxiety meds

109
Q

what is galactostasis?

A

excessive milk production without demand, seen typically during weaning

110
Q

when is postpartum metritis usually seen?

A

within 3 weeks postpartum

111
Q

how can you diagnose eclampsia?

A

serum ionized calcium measurements

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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