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Theriogenology > Bull > Flashcards

Bull Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the breeding soundness exam?

A

general physical exam
reproductive exam
collection and examination of semen

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2
Q

do we use a breeding soundness exam to rank bulls for fertility?

A

no
bar for bull to meet to be satisfactory potential breeder

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3
Q

what important things are not part of a standard breeding soundness exam?

A

libido
mating ability
venereal disease

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4
Q

what do you examine for the reproductive tract in a bull?

A

scrotal circumference
external genitalia
internal genitalia

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5
Q

what accessory sex glands do bulls have?

A

ampulla
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral gland

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6
Q

where is there usually swelling due to broken penis?

A

underline

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7
Q

what do you look at for the scrotum and testes?

A

mobility in scrotum
resiliency- turgidity
symmetry
size
epididymides
skin lesions

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8
Q

what does scrotal circumference correlate with?

A

sperm production

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9
Q

what are some scrotal skin lesions?

A

scrotal dermatitis
scrotal frostbite

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10
Q

what is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference for bulls more than 24 months?

A

34 cm

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11
Q

what should you do on rectal exam if you are going to collect semen via electroejaculation?

A

palpate and massage glands

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12
Q

how can you assess the quality of the semen?

A

gross appearance
motility
morphology

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13
Q

is semen collected by electroejaculation evaluated for volume or concentration?

A

no

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14
Q

what is the normal color of semen?

A

milky white

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15
Q

what is wave motion influenced by?

A

sperm concentration
velocity
% progressively motile

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16
Q

is gross motility used to rate motility?

A

not anymore

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17
Q

what is the minimum threshold for individual motility?

A

30%

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18
Q

how many sperm cells should you count for sperm morphology?

A

at least 100 sperm cells

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19
Q

what is the minimum threshold for morphology?

A

70% normal spermatozoa

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20
Q

how are defects grouped?

A

where it affects: head, midpiece, or tail

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21
Q

how are sperm abnormalities classified?

A

compensable defects
noncompensable defects

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22
Q

what must a satisfactory potential breeder meet or exceed the minimum thresholds for?

A

scrotal circumference
sperm motility
sperm morphology

23
Q

what makes a bull an unsatisfactory potential breeder?

A

below one or more thresholds or
has genetic faults or physical problems and is unlikely to every improve status

24
Q

what are the big venereal diseases?

A

trichomoniasis
campylobacteriosis

25
Q

what is the etiology of trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomonas foetus

26
Q

what are the signs of trichomoniasis in bulls?

A

asymptomatic- no lesions

27
Q

which bulls are more prone to infection with trichomoniasis?

A

more than 4 years old

28
Q

what should you confirm positive culture of trichomoniasis with?

A

PCR

29
Q

how can trichomoniasis be treated?

A

no approved effective treatment
cull infected bull and replace with known clean bull
cows may clear organism after 3 normal cycles

30
Q

what is the vaccine for trichomoniasis?

A

trich guard vaccine
only effective in females

31
Q

what causes campylobacteriosis?

A

Campylobacter fetus venerealis

32
Q

what is the treatment for campylobacteriosis?

A

local antibiotic therapy
vaccination will cure a large percentage of bulls

33
Q

what percentage of bulls may have unacceptable libido?

A

10-20%

34
Q

how should young bulls be grouped?

A

together- social dominance

35
Q

what does the bull to female ratio depend on?

A

age of bulls
length of breeding season
pasture/range conditions
estrus synchronization programs

36
Q

what are the indications for a breeding soundness examination in a bull?

A

pre-purchase exam
pre-breeding exam
post-breeding problem

37
Q

do you need to do a sperm count if the scrotal circumference is good?

A

no

38
Q

what is the minimum scrotal circumference for a bull between 15 and 18 months?

A

31 cm

39
Q

what can a yellow color to semen indicate?

A

urine contamination

40
Q

what should you check for when grossly looking at semen?

A

hemorrhage
inflammatory exudate

41
Q

what is individual motility?

A

estimate percentage of progressively motile sperm

42
Q

is gross motility or individual motility preferred?

A

individual motility

43
Q

what does computer assisted sperm analysis look at?

A

percentage of total motile sperm
percentage of progressively motile
path
velocity

44
Q

what stains can be used for sperm morphology?

A

eosin nigrosin
williams stain
giemsa stain

45
Q

how is sperm grouped when examining it for morphology?

A

percentage:
normal
head defects
midpiece defects
principal piece defects

46
Q

what is a compensable defect?

A

can add more semen to overcome and fertilize
some sperm cannot travel well

47
Q

who might benefit from a classification being deferred due to benefiting from being retested?

A

yearlings with poor morphology
heat stress, trauma
treatable disease
ejaculate could not be obtained

48
Q

how do trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis present in the cow herd?

A

early embryonic death
increased repeat breeders
occasional abortions or postbreeding pyometra
low overall percentage of herd pregnant

49
Q

where does Trichomoniasis reside in a bull?

A

preputial crypts

50
Q

what is the semen quality like with Trichomoniasis?

A

normal

51
Q

how can you prevent Campylobacteriosis?

A

vaccinate all cows and bulls: 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart, annual booster
biosecurity

52
Q

what bull to female ratio should be used for yearling bulls?

A

1:15-1:20

53
Q

what bull to female ratio is generally safe?

A

1:25

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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