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Theriogenology > Large Animal Obstetrics > Flashcards

Large Animal Obstetrics Flashcards

1
Q

what is stage I of labor?

A

presentation of fetus to cervix

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2
Q

what is stage II of labor?

A

delivery of fetus/fetuses

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3
Q

what is stage III of labor?

A

delivery of placental membranes

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4
Q

increasing ______________________ lead to uterine contractions which push the fetus towards the cervix

A

estrogen and prostaglandin

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5
Q

what initiates stage I of labor?

A

fetus applies pressure to cervix
leads to release of oxytocin from hypothalamus

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6
Q

what is the ferguson reflex?

A

self sustaining cycle of uterine contractions initiated by pressure on cervix: oxytocin release from posterior pituitary, which leads to uterine contractions, which further increases pressure on cervix, which stimulates more oxytocin release

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7
Q

the fetus must ____________ the cervix for the cervix to dilate

A

engage

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8
Q

what is the normal presentation for parturition?

A

animal faces caudally, thoracic limbs are extended with head resting on limbs
also: posterior position with pelvic limbs extended can work

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9
Q

how long does stage I of labor last in the cow?

A

2-12 hours

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10
Q

how long does stage I of labor last in the mare?

A

1-4 hours

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11
Q

what is dystocia?

A

1st or 2nd stage of labor is prolonged and assistance is required for delivery
difficult birth

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12
Q

what are the main categories of causes of dystocia?

A

uterine inertia
fetal malposition
fetopelvic disproportion
twinning (species dependent)

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13
Q

what is primary uterine inertia?

A

lack of normal uterine contractions
fail to progress to stage II
break down of normal hormonal cascade for myometrial contraction

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14
Q

what is secondary uterine inertia?

A

exhaustion of uterine muscle
loss of contractions during stage II of labor

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15
Q

how can you treat uterine inertia?

A

manual extraction
oxytocin- only if cervix dilated
calcium

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16
Q

what are bandl’s rings?

A

strong sustained tetanic contractions caused by exhaustion spasms of uterine muscle
uterine contracts in tight ring around fetus or cranial to cervix

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17
Q

who can prepubic tendon rupture occur in?

A

more common draft mare
rarely cow or ewe

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18
Q

how can fetus presentation be described?

A

cranial/anterior or caudal/posterior longitudinal
ventral or dorsal transverse

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19
Q

what is the fetus’ position?

A

relationship of dorsum of fetus to dam’s pelvis

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20
Q

what is the posture of the fetus?

A

relationship of extremities to fetal body

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21
Q

what are the options for position of the fetus (not all normal)?

A

dorso-sacral: normal
dorso-pubic
dorso-ilial (left)
dorso-ilial (right)

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22
Q

if a calf is emphysematous and dead when it is delivered, how long ago did it die?

A

48+ hours

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23
Q

what are the options for correcting malposition?

A

repulsion
rotation
version
adjustment
controlled vaginal delivery

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24
Q

what does it mean to correct malposition through version?

A

turn from transverse to longitudinal

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25
Q

what can you give to aid in uterine relaxation?

A

epinephrine
clenbuterol: equine

26
Q

what should you do if the fetus is in a dog-sitting posture?

A

repel anterior half of fetus and extract by hindlimbs
if extract by front end, risk ventral uterine rupture

27
Q

what are the options for fetopelvic disproportion?

A

forced extraction
cesarean sectiomn
fetotomy

28
Q

how can you extract to keep the fetal arc?

A

once chest is delivered, direct pull downs towards udder
do not continue to pull straight out

29
Q

where should you incise if you are performing an episiotomy?

A

11:00 or 1:00

30
Q

what does meconium staining indicate?

A

intrauterine hypoxia

31
Q

what might a partial fetotomy be helpful for?

A

deviated head
retained hind limb
breech
hip lock

32
Q

when do PGF2alpha and oxytocin become activated during labor?

A

stage I: presentation of fetus to cervix

33
Q

does delivery of placental membranes require contractions?

A

yes

34
Q

what leads to rupture of the fetal membranes?

A

fetal head and feet apply pressure to fetal membranes

35
Q

in which animals does the fetus need to alter its position so that the head and feet are positioned to the posterior of the dam?

A

mare
cow
ewe

36
Q

if a fetus is positioned in a posterior position with thee pelvic limbs extended, can it often be delivered?

A

yes

37
Q

how long does stage I of labor las in the doe and ewe?

A

doe: 1-10 hours
ewe: 2-6 hours

38
Q

how long does stage II of labor last in the ewe and doe?

A

ewe: 30min-2hr
doe: 1-3hr

39
Q

how long does stage II of labor in the cow last?

A

2-4+ hours

40
Q

in horses, every 10 minute increase over 30 minutes in stage II of labor equals a _______ increase in foal mortality

A

10%
16% increase in death before discharge

41
Q

how long does stage II of labor last in camelids?

A

30min-1.5hours

42
Q

what are the miscellaneous causes of dystocia (not main)?

A

abnormal pelvic inlet
vulval or cervical stenosis
uterine torsion
fetal congenital abnormalities
fetal death

43
Q

who is primary uterine inertia common in?

A

bitch
sometimes old dairy cows and sows

44
Q

what are the risk factors for primary uterine inertia?

A

lack of exercise
obesity
overstretching of uterus: hydrops, large litters
debilitating disease, cachexia
hypocalcemia

45
Q

what is at increased risk with uterine inertia?

A

retained placenta
metritis

46
Q

why is a prepubic tendon rupture a problem?

A

dam cannot abdominal press
prognosis poor

47
Q

how many major joints are distal to the elbow and hock?

A

elbow: two, bend in same direction
hock: one, bends in opposite direction to hock

48
Q

which peripheral reflexes can you test to see if the calf is alive or dead?

A

pedal
ocular
anal

49
Q

what is hyperreflexia a sign of?

A

hypoxia

50
Q

what indicates a fetus has been dead for 6-12 hours?

A

corneas are cloudy

51
Q

if hair slips easily on a dead fetus, how long has it been dead?

A

24 hours
also corneas cloudy

52
Q

what is rotation vs version?

A

rotation: turn fetus on long axis
version: turn from transverse to longitudinal

53
Q

in which animal should you anesthetize and elevate the hind legs to make space for a controlled vaginal delivery?

A

only equines

54
Q

what can you use for an epidural?

A

lidocaine 1ml/200lb

55
Q

what is clenbuterol recommended for?

A

equine
tocolytic to achieve more space for manipulations
beta2 adrenergic agonist

56
Q

which lubricant can you use if a C-section is likely?

A

carboxymethylcellulose: ok if enters abdomen
no J-lube: severe inflammatory response in abdomen

57
Q

what is a worry if a fetus is in breech?

A

pressure on umbilicus
if horse: almost always C section

58
Q

what would indicate there might not be enough space/fetopelvic disproportion to deliver by traction?

A

head not through cervix before traction applied
feet crossed over one another and pointing out: pressure being applied to shoulders
if both: guarded for delivery by traction

59
Q

where should you place chains for forced extraction in a bovine?

A

around pastern and right above fetlock, traction to dorsal aspect limb

60
Q

what are the six classic cuts for fetotomy?

A

remove head
remove arms by cutting between scapulas and thorax
cut through rib cage to remove thorax
cut right before pelvis
cut through pelvis longitudinally
make sure dead before fetotomy: occlude cord with hand

61
Q

what might a partial fetotomy be useful for?

A

deviated head
breech
retained hindlimb
hip lock

62
Q

what is a long difficult delivery associated with?

A

decreased mothering
can affect colostrum intake

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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