Equine: Mare Flashcards
uterine edema _____________ during estrus period, then ________________ as ovulation approaches and estrogen levels rise and fall
increases
decreases
what shape is the follicle when ovulation is soon?
“pear” shape or irregular
when might an endometrial biopsy be collected?
routine breeding soundness evaluation
pre-purchase evaluation
infertility investigation
what can an endometrial biopsy provide for endometritis?
definitive diagnosis
presence and amount of inflammatory cells
degree of fibrosis present
uterine gland abnormalities
why would you perform an endometrial biopsy in addition to a cytology?
biopsy can provide prognosis
when should you not breed on a foal heat?
problems with foaling
ovulation occurs before 10 days post-partum
what can we use to predict the day/time of ovulation?
track estrous cycle
monitor follicular growth
monitor uterine edema
assess for behavioral estrus
should the mare be inseminated before ovulation or after?
before ovulation
a minimum of ___________________ progressively motile sperm are recommended for a fresh insemination dose
500 million
when is the embryonic vesicle visible on ultrasound?
day 11: very small
day 14: more easily seen
what can be palpated to be compatible with pregnancy before the embryonic vesicle can be palpated?
uterus has exaggerated tone
cervix closed tight
when is fetal sexing best done?
57-68 days
what does PGF2alpha cause?
luteolysis of the corpus luteum
what can be given to suppress estrus?
altrenogest
what can deslorelin acetate be used for?
inducing ovulation
when are mares put under lights to advance the photoperiod?
usually starting December 1st
how is equine herpes virus transmitted?
direct contact through nasal discharge, genital secretion, contaminated placenta, or the aborted fetus
when does abortion due to equine herpes virus typically occur?
between 4th and 10th month
more likely after 8th
what are the routes of infection of equine viral arteritis?
respiratory route
venereal route
breeding to infected stallion
when does abortion due to equine viral arteritis occur?
2-10 months of gestation
1-2 months after infection
how is equine viral arteritis spread?
aerosolized respiratory particles
venereal spread
infected stallions: semen
what is the most common cause of equine placentitis?
bacterial infections
what are the clinical signs of placentitis?
premature udder development
purulent vulval discharge
how is diagnosis of placentitis primarily made?
ultrasound
what percentage of infectious abortions are due to fungi?
2-7%
what are some non-infectious abortions?
twins
mare reproductive loss syndrome
pregnancy of uterine body
twisted umbilical cord
when does the majority of natural twin elimination occur?
before 40 days
what is the current best practice with twins?
manually reduce one at day 14
what is rupture of the prepubic tendon?
deformation of ventral abdomen due to weight of uterus on abdominal musculature and support system
what is hydrops allantois characterized by?
excessive accumulation of allantoic or amnionic fluid
when is uterine artery rupture seen?
shortly after parturition
what should you do if there is a retained placenta after 3 hours?
give oxytocin every 2 hours
when is endometritis a normal physiological inflammatory response?
after breeding, up to 24-48 hours
what are the most common bacteria isolated from mare uteri?
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
what causes contagious equine metritis?
Taylorella equigenitalis
what is digital examination of the vagina/cervix useful for?
establishing stage of cycle
maybe diagnose incomplete relaxation: older maiden mares
assess ability of cervix to close if in diestrus
what hormones are rising during estrus?
estrogen
luteinizing hormone
when is there the most endometrial edema during the cycle?
2 days prior to ovulation
what does follicle size depend on?
how close to ovulation
breed of horse: larger in larger mares
what is a uterine culture usually done in conjunction with?
uterine cytology
what can be found in a uterine culture?
Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida albicans
what is an endometrial biopsy a prognostic indicator for?
ability of mare to carry foal to term
what is category one of endometrial biopsy?
normal endometrium
may have some changes but unlikely to interfere with carrying a foal to term
>70% chance of foaling under good management
what are the advantages of a maiden mare?
good fertility >90% seasonal pregnancy rates and 60% per cycle pregnancy rates
uterus free from infection and scar tissue
what is a foaling mare?
a mare that has foaled during the current breeding season
what are the problems with breeding on foal heat?
decreased conception rate
increased embryonic loss
what should you look for in a barren mare?
physical problems
histological changes of endometrium
endometritis
ovarian tumors
oviductal blockage
when should you inseminate if you are using fresh semen?
within 48 hours prior to ovulation
when should you inseminate if you are using cooled-stored semen?
within 24-48 hours prior to ovulation
what are the recommendations for semen in cooled semen insemination?
1 billion progressively motile sperm at concentration of 25-50 million/ml
when should you breed with frozen semen?
immediately after ovulation is detected
when is the embryo visible on ultrasound?
day 21
heartbeat day 24
after what point might the fetus be unable to be palpated?
day 90: resting on floor of uterus
what is measured in the fetus with transabdominal ultrasound?
fetal activity
fetal heart rate
fetal aortic diameter
fetal orbital measurements
when is the corpus luteum responsive to PGF2alpha?
5 days after ovulation
how can you cause an abortion wiht prostaglandins?
one dose if <35 days
one dose daily for 3-5 days if >35 days
when does altrenogest need to be started to suppress estrus?
when mare in diestrus
what does deslorelin acetate cause?
ovulation of follicles 30-40mm approximately 40-42 hours after injection
what are the optimal fetal tissues for testing for equine herpes virus?
liver
lungs
spleen
thymus
what are the typical clinical signs of equine viral arteritis?
fever
respiratory signs
edema
depression
petechial hemorrhages
conjunctivitis
abortion
how can infections causing placentitis occur?
ascending infection
hematogenous spread
what are the common causative agents of placentitis through hematogenous spread?
Leptospira spp
nocardia-type: Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis spp
what are abortions like from mycotic placentitis?
sporadic
between 5th and 10th month of gestation
when is natural elimination of one twin likely?
if they are adjacent to each other in the same horn
what should you do if you find twins after fixation?
abort entire pregnancy and re-breed
if it is last breeding of year, can monitor and see if it reduces naturally
when does hydrops allantois usually develop?
last trimester of pregnancy
what is uterine artery rupture in pregnant mares due to?
weakening of wall of artery
what should you do if there is a retained fetal membrane for more than 6-12 hours?
NSAIDs
antibiotics
lavage with saline
what are the signs of contagious equine metritis?
purulent vulvar discharge 8-10 days after breeding
severe endometrial inflammation, short cycles, lack of conception
what are the most common causes of enlarged ovaries?
granulosa cell tumor
hematoma of ovary
