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A. Theriogenology > Equine: Mare > Flashcards

Equine: Mare Flashcards

1
Q

uterine edema _____________ during estrus period, then ________________ as ovulation approaches and estrogen levels rise and fall

A

increases
decreases

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2
Q

what shape is the follicle when ovulation is soon?

A

“pear” shape or irregular

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3
Q

when might an endometrial biopsy be collected?

A

routine breeding soundness evaluation
pre-purchase evaluation
infertility investigation

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4
Q

what can an endometrial biopsy provide for endometritis?

A

definitive diagnosis
presence and amount of inflammatory cells
degree of fibrosis present
uterine gland abnormalities

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5
Q

why would you perform an endometrial biopsy in addition to a cytology?

A

biopsy can provide prognosis

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6
Q

when should you not breed on a foal heat?

A

problems with foaling
ovulation occurs before 10 days post-partum

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7
Q

what can we use to predict the day/time of ovulation?

A

track estrous cycle
monitor follicular growth
monitor uterine edema
assess for behavioral estrus

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8
Q

should the mare be inseminated before ovulation or after?

A

before ovulation

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9
Q

a minimum of ___________________ progressively motile sperm are recommended for a fresh insemination dose

A

500 million

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10
Q

when is the embryonic vesicle visible on ultrasound?

A

day 11: very small
day 14: more easily seen

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11
Q

what can be palpated to be compatible with pregnancy before the embryonic vesicle can be palpated?

A

uterus has exaggerated tone
cervix closed tight

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12
Q

when is fetal sexing best done?

A

57-68 days

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13
Q

what does PGF2alpha cause?

A

luteolysis of the corpus luteum

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14
Q

what can be given to suppress estrus?

A

altrenogest

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15
Q

what can deslorelin acetate be used for?

A

inducing ovulation

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16
Q

when are mares put under lights to advance the photoperiod?

A

usually starting December 1st

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17
Q

how is equine herpes virus transmitted?

A

direct contact through nasal discharge, genital secretion, contaminated placenta, or the aborted fetus

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18
Q

when does abortion due to equine herpes virus typically occur?

A

between 4th and 10th month
more likely after 8th

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19
Q

what are the routes of infection of equine viral arteritis?

A

respiratory route
venereal route
breeding to infected stallion

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20
Q

when does abortion due to equine viral arteritis occur?

A

2-10 months of gestation
1-2 months after infection

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21
Q

how is equine viral arteritis spread?

A

aerosolized respiratory particles
venereal spread
infected stallions: semen

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22
Q

what is the most common cause of equine placentitis?

A

bacterial infections

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23
Q

what are the clinical signs of placentitis?

A

premature udder development
purulent vulval discharge

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24
Q

how is diagnosis of placentitis primarily made?

A

ultrasound

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25
Q

what percentage of infectious abortions are due to fungi?

A

2-7%

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26
Q

what are some non-infectious abortions?

A

twins
mare reproductive loss syndrome
pregnancy of uterine body
twisted umbilical cord

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27
Q

when does the majority of natural twin elimination occur?

A

before 40 days

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28
Q

what is the current best practice with twins?

A

manually reduce one at day 14

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29
Q

what is rupture of the prepubic tendon?

A

deformation of ventral abdomen due to weight of uterus on abdominal musculature and support system

30
Q

what is hydrops allantois characterized by?

A

excessive accumulation of allantoic or amnionic fluid

31
Q

when is uterine artery rupture seen?

A

shortly after parturition

32
Q

what should you do if there is a retained placenta after 3 hours?

A

give oxytocin every 2 hours

33
Q

when is endometritis a normal physiological inflammatory response?

A

after breeding, up to 24-48 hours

34
Q

what are the most common bacteria isolated from mare uteri?

A

Escherichia coli
Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus

35
Q

what causes contagious equine metritis?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

36
Q

what is digital examination of the vagina/cervix useful for?

A

establishing stage of cycle
maybe diagnose incomplete relaxation: older maiden mares
assess ability of cervix to close if in diestrus

37
Q

what hormones are rising during estrus?

A

estrogen
luteinizing hormone

38
Q

when is there the most endometrial edema during the cycle?

A

2 days prior to ovulation

39
Q

what does follicle size depend on?

A

how close to ovulation
breed of horse: larger in larger mares

40
Q

what is a uterine culture usually done in conjunction with?

A

uterine cytology

41
Q

what can be found in a uterine culture?

A

Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida albicans

42
Q

what is an endometrial biopsy a prognostic indicator for?

A

ability of mare to carry foal to term

43
Q

what is category one of endometrial biopsy?

A

normal endometrium
may have some changes but unlikely to interfere with carrying a foal to term
>70% chance of foaling under good management

44
Q

what are the advantages of a maiden mare?

A

good fertility >90% seasonal pregnancy rates and 60% per cycle pregnancy rates
uterus free from infection and scar tissue

45
Q

what is a foaling mare?

A

a mare that has foaled during the current breeding season

46
Q

what are the problems with breeding on foal heat?

A

decreased conception rate
increased embryonic loss

47
Q

what should you look for in a barren mare?

A

physical problems
histological changes of endometrium
endometritis
ovarian tumors
oviductal blockage

48
Q

when should you inseminate if you are using fresh semen?

A

within 48 hours prior to ovulation

49
Q

when should you inseminate if you are using cooled-stored semen?

A

within 24-48 hours prior to ovulation

50
Q

what are the recommendations for semen in cooled semen insemination?

A

1 billion progressively motile sperm at concentration of 25-50 million/ml

51
Q

when should you breed with frozen semen?

A

immediately after ovulation is detected

52
Q

when is the embryo visible on ultrasound?

A

day 21
heartbeat day 24

53
Q

after what point might the fetus be unable to be palpated?

A

day 90: resting on floor of uterus

54
Q

what is measured in the fetus with transabdominal ultrasound?

A

fetal activity
fetal heart rate
fetal aortic diameter
fetal orbital measurements

55
Q

when is the corpus luteum responsive to PGF2alpha?

A

5 days after ovulation

56
Q

how can you cause an abortion wiht prostaglandins?

A

one dose if <35 days
one dose daily for 3-5 days if >35 days

57
Q

when does altrenogest need to be started to suppress estrus?

A

when mare in diestrus

58
Q

what does deslorelin acetate cause?

A

ovulation of follicles 30-40mm approximately 40-42 hours after injection

59
Q

what are the optimal fetal tissues for testing for equine herpes virus?

A

liver
lungs
spleen
thymus

60
Q

what are the typical clinical signs of equine viral arteritis?

A

fever
respiratory signs
edema
depression
petechial hemorrhages
conjunctivitis
abortion

61
Q

how can infections causing placentitis occur?

A

ascending infection
hematogenous spread

62
Q

what are the common causative agents of placentitis through hematogenous spread?

A

Leptospira spp
nocardia-type: Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis spp

63
Q

what are abortions like from mycotic placentitis?

A

sporadic
between 5th and 10th month of gestation

64
Q

when is natural elimination of one twin likely?

A

if they are adjacent to each other in the same horn

65
Q

what should you do if you find twins after fixation?

A

abort entire pregnancy and re-breed
if it is last breeding of year, can monitor and see if it reduces naturally

66
Q

when does hydrops allantois usually develop?

A

last trimester of pregnancy

67
Q

what is uterine artery rupture in pregnant mares due to?

A

weakening of wall of artery

68
Q

what should you do if there is a retained fetal membrane for more than 6-12 hours?

A

NSAIDs
antibiotics
lavage with saline

69
Q

what are the signs of contagious equine metritis?

A

purulent vulvar discharge 8-10 days after breeding
severe endometrial inflammation, short cycles, lack of conception

70
Q

what are the most common causes of enlarged ovaries?

A

granulosa cell tumor
hematoma of ovary

A. Theriogenology (15 decks)

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