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Theriogenology > Equine: Stallion > Flashcards

Equine: Stallion Flashcards

1
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A

testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
lymphatic vessels
deferent duct
cremaster muscle

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2
Q

is examination of the internal genitalia of a stallion performed in a reproductive examination?

A

not always

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3
Q

what is testicular size correlated with?

A

daily sperm output

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4
Q

what does a positive test in the post-ejaculate for venereal disease indicate?

A

infection of urethra, accessory sex glands, or epididymis

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5
Q

what will libido and mating ability be greatly influenced by?

A

intended use of the stallion

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6
Q

what can be used in stallions that are not trained to collect into an artificial vagina?

A

chemical ejaculation

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7
Q

when is semen collected in a breeding soundness exam?

A

twice, one hour apart

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8
Q

what is evaluated in semen?

A

gross evaluation of semen quality
pH
volume
concentration
motility
morphology

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9
Q

what can color changes be associated with?

A

presence of:
debris
blood
urine
purulent material

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10
Q

what is the normal pH of semen?

A

slightly alkaline: 7.2-7.7

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11
Q

what can you use to find the concentration of semen?

A

spectrophotometer
hemocytometer
nucleocounter

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12
Q

what does total motility refer to?

A

percentage of sperm that exhibit any type of movement

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13
Q

what should the appearance of the testicular parenchyma be on ultrasound?

A

homogenous
gray
slightly granular

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14
Q

what is daily sperm output?

A

number of sperm available for ejaculation during one day after depletion of extragonadal sperm reserves

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15
Q

what does depletion of extragonadal reserves involve for daily sperm output?

A

collection from stallion once daily for minimum of 5-7 days

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16
Q

what provides a better reflection of daily sperm output than total scrotal width?

A

testicular volume: more accurate

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17
Q

what is the normal value for ejaculate volume?

A

70ml: range 30-250ml

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18
Q

what is the most reliable endocrine assay for cryptorchidism?

A

anti-mullerian hormone

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19
Q

why is urine in semen (urospermia) and issue?

A

negatively impacts semen quality and stallion fertility
can induce inflammation in uterus following live cover or insemination

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20
Q

what is hemospermia?

A

presence of blood in semen

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21
Q

what are the common causes of hemospermia?

A

lesions on glans penis or external urethral process
seminal vesiculitis
rent or teat in the proximal urethra

22
Q

what is azoospermia?

A

ejaculated seminal fluids devoid of sperm

23
Q

what should investigation of azoospermia seek to establish?

A

if an ejaculate is produced

24
Q

what is priapism?

A

an erection that persists after cessation of sexual stimulation
true priapism is rare in stallion

25
Q

what are the causes of paraphimosis?

A

trauma
preputial edema secondary to systemic disease
phenothiazine tranquilizers: acepromazine

26
Q

what is phimosis?

A

inability of horse to protrude its penis from prepuce

27
Q

what systemic diseases can cause paraphimosis?

A

purpura hemorrhagica
dourine
emaciation

28
Q

where is the spermatic cord located?

A

cranial aspect of testicle

29
Q

where is the tail of the epididymis?

A

caudal pole of testicle

30
Q

what should be examined of a horse’s penis and sheath?

A

ability to extend/retract, erect penis
pathology: ulceration, infection, tumors, abrasions, lacerations
signs abnormal discharge
check for bean in urethral fossa and remove

31
Q

why might the internal genitalia of a stallion per rectum be performed?

A

abnormal history
physical examination findings
sub-fertility
abnormal semen parameters

32
Q

what is the satisfactory minimum total scrotal width?

A

8 cm

33
Q

where should you swab for venereal disease?

A

urethral fossa
urethra
shaft of penis
prepuce

34
Q

what are the key pathogens for venereal disease?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis
Trypanosoma equiperdum
equine viral arteritis
equine herpesviruses
piroplasmosis
pseudomonas spp
klebsiella spp

35
Q

what percentage of horses will ejaculate in response to imipramine and xylazine?

A

30-75%

36
Q

what are ejaculates like from chemical ejaculation?

A

low volume
high in sperm concentration

37
Q

what fraction of the semen is removed with evaluating semen?

A

gel fraction

38
Q

what is the normal semen pH?

A

slightly alkaline: 7.2-7.7

39
Q

what does establishing the concentration and volume allow?

A

total sperm number to be calculated

40
Q

what does progressive motility refer to?

A

sperm that exhibit forward motility across the microscopic field or are moving in a large circular path

41
Q

what are the common defects of the acrosome?

A

knobbed
roughed
detached acrosomes

42
Q

what are some common head defects?

A

under-developed: microcephalic
large: macrocephalic

43
Q

what may diffuse increased echodensity indicate in the testicles?

A

testicular fibrosis

44
Q

what can daily sperm output be used to estimate?

A

number of mares he can breed daily during the season

45
Q

what is the range of sperm concentration normal?

A

30-600 million/ml
120 million/ml

46
Q

what is the ratio of extender to semen for shipped cooled semen?

A

at least 3:1 to dilute seminal plasma effects

47
Q

how many progressively motile and morphologically normal sperm need to be placed in a mare’s uterus to ensure a consistent and optimal chance of conceiving?

A

500 x 10^6

48
Q

how can you treat urospermia?

A

dilute semen
centrifugation of semen

49
Q

what might cause azoospermia if an ejaculate is produced?

A

semen outflow obstruction
underlying testicular dysfunction

50
Q

how can paraphimosis be treated?

A

elevate and support
lubricate/wrap with emollient antimicrobial dressing
NSAIDs
exercise
hydrotherapy
massage

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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