Small Ruminant Theriogenology Flashcards
what is the ratio for pasture mating?
1:50 for mature rams
1:25 for ram lambs
up to 1:100 if tightly confined and managed
what is the goal of flushing?
increase BCS to increase the body’s ability to ovulate/ovulate multiples
what are the options for prostaglandin injections?
lutalyse: dinoprost
estrumate: cloprostenol
what needs to happen for prostaglandin injections to work?
corpus luteum must be at 5-7 days post ovulation/old
what is the time period from injection of prostaglandin to behavioral heat?
24-48 hours
what can cause acyclic or irregular cyclicity?
follicular cyst
luteal cyst
how accurate is biopryn blood test ELISA for pregnancy diagnosis?
97% accurate
when can you use transrectal ultrasound?
pregnancy detection early gestation: days 19-25 and later
who does Campylobacter cause abortions in?
sheep
very rare in goats
what causes Campylobacter abortions?
C. fetus fetus
C. jejuni jejuni
C. lari
what are the clinical signs of Campylobacter?
late term abortions
stillbirths
weak lambs
how can Campylobacter be treated?
tetracycline
what does Campylobacter cause in humans?
enteritis
who does Chlamydophila affect?
sheep
goats
how is Chlamydophila transmitted?
venereal
how can you treat Chlamydophila?
tetracycline
what is the causative agent of Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
what does Toxoplasmosis cause in people?
birth defects
how is cache valley virus transmitted?
mosquito
when should you be suspicious of cache valley virus?
when there is epizootic of congenital abnormalities affected CNS and musculoskeletal systems in geographic area
what are the causes of vaginal prolapse?
genetics
clover: high in estrogen
what are the treatments for vaginal prolapse?
prolapse retainer
prolapse harness
induce parturition
C-section
who is ringwomb common in?
more in ewe than doe
does ringwomb usually reoccur?
no
what are the causes of uterine prolapse?
dystocia
hypocalcemia
when is the placenta usually passed?
within 6 hours after parturition
who are retained fetal membranes more common in?
sheep than goats
what are the indications for a breeding soundness exam?
pre-purchase
pre-breeding
post-breeding problem
what is the minimum scrotal circumference for a ram more than 14 months old?
33cm
what is the minimum motility and morphology for rams?
motility: 30%
morphology: 70%
how is Brucella ovis spread to other rams?
ram to ram direct contact
how can you use management to increase conception?
healthy females and males
environment
flushing
what is lutalyse/dinoprost?
natural prostaglandin
what is estrumate/cloprostenol?
synthetic prostaglandin
why are two shots, 11 days apart, of prostaglandin better than one?
corpus luteum needs to be 5-7 days old/post ovulation to be able to respond to PGF2alpha
does controlled internal drug release progesterone work for non-cycling animals?
yes, but not as efficient as during breeding season
what does a follicular cyst look like clinically?
showing signs of heat frequently
what does a luteal cyst look like clinically?
not showing any signs of heat
what can you use to diagnose pregnancy?
marking harness/crayon
blood test: biopryn
doppler
real-time ultrasound
is ultrasound reliable for estimating fetal number or age?
less reliable
what do 40% of lambs with Campylobacter have?
orange-yellow necrotic foci on liver
how many times do ewes abort with Chlamydophila?
once, but then still transmit when ovulate
what are the cotyledons like with Chlamydophila?
necrotic, reddish-brown with thickened brown intercotyledonary areas covered by exudate
how is Q fever transmitted?
inhalation
ingestion
direct contact birth fluids or placenta
what are the clinical signs of Toxoplasmosis?
early: resorption or mummification
late: abortions or perinatal death
what are the clinical signs of cache valley virus?
infertility
abortions
stillbirths
congenital abnormalities
weak-born lambs
what are the clinical signs of ringwomb?
in labor without progress
1-2 finger cervical dilation
what is the cause of ringwomb?
unknown
maybe genetics or nutritional deficiency
what is the cause of uterine torsion?
rolling during late pregnancy
how can you treat uterine prolapse?
replace
buhner stitch
calcium administration
what are the causes of retained fetal membranes?
selenium deficiency
infectious abortion
hypocalcemia
dystocia
what is the minimal scrotal circumference for a ram more than 14 months old?
33 cm
what does Brucella ovis cause?
rams: epididymitis/orchitis, infertility
ewes: often unaffected, but can abort or have placentitis
