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SURGICAL Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ADLs and IADLs

A

Activities of daily living/Instrumental activities of daily living; how well one can take care of self and ones home.

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1
Q

TPN

A

Total parenteral nutrition. Medication administered to treat malnourishment when there is impaired GI function and contraindications to enteral nutrition.

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2
Q

NG tube

A

nasogastric tube; thin tube inserted into person’s nose and threaded into the stomach. May be used to suck excess fluids out of the stomach and deliver medicines.

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3
Q

benzoin

A

sap (gum resin) used on the skin for ulcers, bed sores, cracked skin, and other conditions.

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4
Q

PICC line

A

peripherally inserted central catheter; long soft catheter inserted into vein in arm, leg, or neck (often in children). Catheter placed in large vein carrying blood to heart. Long term IV antibiotics or nutrition, medication, blood draws.

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5
Q

pigtail drain

A

Type of drain used to let ( pleural )fluid out of area around the lungs or abdomen. 1st intervention if pleural effusion is indicated.

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6
Q

21-tristomy

A

extra copy of a chromosome; referred as Down syndrome. Changes how baby’s body and brain develops.

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7
Q

AcrySof

A

surgical replacement lens for patient with cataracts

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8
Q

allograft

A

tissue that is transplanted from one person to another. “allo” - another. eg; donating a portion of the liver or an entire liver.

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9
Q

Amplatz

A

type of guidewire used for chambers of the heart including w/ trans-catheter aortic valves

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10
Q

Amsterdam stent

A

type of biliary stent

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11
Q

Angio-Seal

A

vascular closure device to close holes in the artery from arteriotomy and reduce risk of bleeding and amount of time on bed rest.

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12
Q

antibiosis

A

antagonistic association between two organisms; one is adversely affected

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13
Q

applanation

A

abnormal flattening of a convex surface; checking for eye pressure.

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14
Q

astigmatism

A

common type of refractive error; cornea or lens is more curved than it should be. Altered shape makes vision blurry.

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15
Q

capsulorrhexis

A

commonly used technique curvilinear capsulorrhexis (CCC); remove the central and anterior part of the capsule of the lens from eye during cataract surgery by shear and tensile forces.

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15
Q

cardioplegia

A

pharmacological therapy administered during cardiac surgery to intentionally and temporarily arrest the heart; minimizes damage during myocardial ischemia

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15
Q

calcaneocuboid joint

A

synovial saddlye type articulation between tarsal bones of the foot; located b/t calcaneus and cuboid bone

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16
Q

cardioverter

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ICD; small battery powered device in the chest; able to perform defibrillation and pacing

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17
Q

cavoatrial

A

cavoatrial junction (CAJ) is the point at which the superior vena cava meets and melds into the superior wall of the cardiac right atrium

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18
Q

cephalomedullary (nail)

A

designed to help treat fractures of the femur, especially intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. Nail features a small proximal section that is designed to minimize the amount of bone that must be removed

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19
Q

cephalometric

A

the science of measuring the head in living individuals; evaluates lateral skull radiographs obtained with a cephalostat to help determine the skeletal pattern and assess treatment difficulty

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20
Q

Cloward sign

A

a condition in which pain is felt in the thoracic region of the spine because of an issue in the neck. This condition may be caused by injury to the neck, poor posture, or degenerative conditions of the spine

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21
Q

debulk

A

remove all or most of the substance of a tumor or lesion; reduxn of as much of the bulk without intention of complete eradication

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22
Q

Decapolar catheter

A

dual-purpose diagnostic catheter designed for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter procedures. Allows electrode placement for simultaneous electrogram reading.

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23
Q

diopter

A

unit of measurement for an eye prescription. Focusing strength of glasses or contact; greater = more powerful prescription

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24
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

short vessel connecting the fetal pulmonary artery to the aorta and closes following birth. Allows oxygenated bood to bypass the pulmonary circulation to the system for fetal development.

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25
Q

Endo Catch

A

single-use specimen pouch; minimizes spillage and intraoperative contamination by isolating specimens from the abdominal cavity,

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26
Q

Endostapler

A

linear surgical stapler; staple and cut tissue for resection, transection, or creation of anastomoses.

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27
Q

enterocele

A

small bowel prolapse; when the small intestine descends into the lower pelvic cavity and pushes at the top part of the vagina, creating a bulge.

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28
Q

esophagogastrectomy

A

surgery to remove the esophagus and part of the stomach; eso is replaced by moving the remaining stomach upwards, or by replacing the stomach with a section of the large bowel (colon reconstruction)

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29
Q

epiphysiodesis

A

Pediatric orthopedic surgery/Growth plate fusion. Minimally invasive surgery that slows or stops growth of bone. Can correct bone deformities or limb symmetry.

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30
Q

esophagojejunostomy

A

surgical formation of an anastomosis between the esophagus and the jejunum; treats gastric cancer

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31
Q

facetectomy

A

remove facet cartilage or both facet joints along the spine that can facilitate bony fusion; decompression of a spinal nerve root and reduce pain.

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32
Q

foramen ovale

A

a hole between the left and right atria (upper heart chambers). Exists before birth; allows oxygenated blood entering right atrium to enter left atrium and impede backflow.

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33
Q

foraminotomy

A

surgery removing bone to enlarge area around one of the bones in the spinal column; releases pressure on compressed nerves.

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34
Q

fourchette

A

thin fold of skin at back of vulva; where labia minora meet. Below is the perineum.

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35
Q

gastrocutaneous fistula (GCF)

A

fistula connecting the stomach and the skin; internal orifice (gastric outlet) and external orifice (cutaneous outlet) and a tract covered by epithelium

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36
Q

glutaraldehyde

A

colorless oily liquid, often diluted with water. Used for sterilization of medical equipment and as a preservative, biocide.

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37
Q

Hegar dilators

A

Dilators are used to open up the cervix for biopsy or curettage.

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38
Q

hemilaminotomy

A

neurosurgeon removes the lamina on only one side of the spinal canal which requires decompression.

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39
Q

hydrodelineation

A

method of separating an outer shell(s) of the lens of the eye from the central compact mass of inner nuclear cataract during cataract surgery using forceful irrigation of fluid

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40
Q

hypospadias

A

birth defect in boys where the opening of the urethra (tube carrying urine from bladder to outside) is not located at the tip of the penis

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41
Q

Joel-Cohen incision

A

skin incision used for Cesarean section. Straight incision 3 cm below the line joining anterior and superior iliac spines; improved upon Pfannenstiel

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42
Q

Kerrison

A

Neurosurgery equipment

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43
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

“yellow ligament”; thick segmental ligament running b/t the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

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44
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

Sheet of strong fibrous tissue extending from spinous process of 1st thoracic vertebra to the external occipital protuberance; limits forward flexion of head and cervical spine; keeps head upright

45
Q

LigaSure

A

vessel sealing technology applies a precise amount of bipolar energy and pressure to fuse collagen and elastin in vessel walls.

46
Q

longus colli

A

long flat muscle that sits on the anterior surface of the spine. Connects to cervical vertebral bodies to associated transverse processes. Forward + lateral flexion and rotation of the neck

47
Q

microkeratome

A

precision surgical instrument w/ oscillating blade designed for vreating corneal flap in LASIK or ALK surgery.

48
Q

naviculocuneiform

A

navicular proximally and 3 cuneiforms distally; often site of surgical intervention for foot pathologies. Fusion relieves arthritis.

49
Q

neurolept anesthesia

A

mildly depressed state of awareness that doesn’t hinder patient’s ability to maintain airway reflexes or respond adequately to physical/vocal directions. “conscious sedation”

50
Q

omphalocele / exomphalos

A

birth defect of abdominal wall; infant’s intestines, liver, or other organs stick outside of belly through belly button and covered in transparent sace.

51
Q

orthognathic

A

“straight jaws” Jaw surgery; corrects irregularities of the jaw bones and realigns the jaws and teeth to improve the way they work; improve breathing and speech

52
Q

paracentesis

A

body fluid sampling procedure; obtain a small sample of drain ascitic fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose; needle catheter into peritoneal cavity.

53
Q

pars plana

A

middle of 3 layers that comprise the eye; in PPV (vitrectomy) tools are inserted into the sclera to remove vitreous humor and or scar tissue

54
Q

patent ductus arteriosus PDA

A

extra blood vessel found in babies before birth and just after. PDA will often shrink and close on its own; if not it can cause extra blood flow to lungs and require repair

55
Q

posterior chamber IOL (PCIOL)

A

most common type of implanted lens after cataract surgery; natural and optimum position for a lens.

56
Q

perimembranous VSD

A

ventricular septal defects; located in the membranous septum of the heart; a relatively small portion of the septum near the heart valves.

57
Q

Pinnacle Destination

A

type of guiding sheath for surgery

58
Q

planum sphenoidale meningioma

A

extra-axial slow-growing tumors arising from roof of sphenoid sinus and area b/t the optic nerves and anterior cliniod processes. Usually pushes optic nerve and causes vision loss.

59
Q

Pleur-evac

A

chest drainage system for thoracic, cardiovascular, trauma and critical care.

60
Q

pneumocephalus / pneumatocele or intracranial aerocele

A

presence of air in the intracranial space; rare and life threatening complication after penetrating lumbar injury. Can cause brain compression and herniation

61
Q

pneumoperitoneum

A

life-threatening presence of air or gas in the abdominal cavity (peritoneal). Detected on x-ray, but may be missed and only detected with CT

62
Q

Polysorb

A

sutures used for soft tissue approximation or ligation and ophthalmic surgery

63
Q

pesudoarthrosis / bone nonunion

A

occurs when bones do not fuse correctly after injury or surgery; can induce pain, clicking joints, reduced mobility, or no symptoms.

64
Q

pseudophakia

A

latin for “False lens”; used after placing an intraocular IOL, lens implant, or fake eye lenses.

65
Q

posterior superior iliac spine PSIS

A

important anatomical landmark behind the ilium; can be palpated from body surface. Common site of bone marrow aspiration.

66
Q

pudendum

A

person’s external genitalia

67
Q

RhoGAM

A

immune globulin medication that stops blood from making antibodies that attack Rh-positive blood cells; for an Rh-negative mother, these antibodies can destroy a baby’s Rh-positive blood cells

68
Q

rongeur

A

heavy duty surgical instrument; used in oral maxillofacial surgery to remove bony fragments or soft tissue

69
Q

sarcospinous ligament suspension

A

surgical procedure to restore the support of the top of the vagina; most common after hysterectomy

70
Q

sacrotuberous ligament STL

A

stabilizer of sacroiliac joint and connects bony pelvis to vertebral column. on both sides of posterior pelvis

71
Q

Seidel test

A

assesses for presence of aqueous humor leakade from anterior chamber in the eye; can be from trauma, post surgical leak, etc

72
Q

Seldinger technique

A

obtain safe access to blood vessels and other hollow organs; placement of drainage catheter into an abscess over a guidwire

73
Q

SFA Surgical First Assistant

A

practice under direct supervision of surgeons

74
Q

forefoot supinatus

A

acquired soft tissue deformation due to abnormal pronation of the rearfoot.

75
Q

Surgiflo

A

thrombin-based hemostatic agent for achieving hemostasis in surgical wounds; blood clotting mechanism

76
Q

talipes equinovarus / Clubfoot

A

common foot abnormality in which foot points downward and inward; present at birth and involves foot and lower leg. Needs to be intervened to correct

77
Q

talonavicular

A

universal joint of the foot; allowing rotation, sideway movement, and up/down movement of midfoot.

78
Q

tendo Achillis

A

aka Achilles tendon/heel cord/calcaneal tendon. Thickest tendon in body at back of lower leg.

79
Q

thoracodorsal nerve

A

middle/ long subscapular nerve; provides motor function to latissimus dorsi muscle; branches out from brachial plexus

80
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

condition that occurs when platelet count in blood is too low; platelets are made in bone marrow and form clots. Often due to leukemia or immune disorder.

81
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammatory process causing blood clot to form and block one or move veins, usually in legs. May be superficial or DVT.

82
Q

Tisseel

A

fibrin sealant used for hemostasis in adult and pediatric patients to control bleeding when conventional techniques are ineffective.

83
Q

trabeculectomy

A

type of glaucoma surgery; creates new path for fluid inside eye to be drained. Prevents worsening of vision loss due to glaucoma by lowering eye pressure

84
Q

Veress needle

A

used to create a pneumoperitoneum at the umbilicus for laparoscopic procedures

85
Q

vitreous

A

glass like in appearance or physical properties

86
Q

Wenkebach heart block

A

type 1 second degree atrioventricular block;common AV block where there is delay in transmission from atria to ventricles

87
Q

zygomatic bone / zygoma

A

paired irregular bone that defines anterior and lateral portions of face.

88
Q

Tevdek

A

braided suture

89
Q

PT Graphix

A

intermediate guidewire

90
Q

Merocel

A

nasal pack to treat epistaxis; compressed dehydrated sponge with hydroxylated polyvinly acetate; requires rehydration with saline in nasal cavity and compresses bleeding vessels.

91
Q

falx cerebri

A

largest folds of dura mater separating the cerebral hemispheres

92
Q

colporrhaphy

A

repair of vaginal rupture by excision and suturing of the tear

93
Q

matoidectomy

A

temporal bone procedure that opens postauriocular air cells by removing the thin bony partitions between them. Rx for when otitis media spreads into the skull or noncancerous growths forming behind eardrums.

94
Q

Warthin tumor

A

relatively frequent benign neoplasm of the majory salivary glands. Dense lymphoid stoma.

95
Q

thoracentesis

A

drain extra fluid from around the lungs (pleural space) with trocar, needles, etc. Used to test fluid for infection or illness or to drain for relief.

96
Q

exsanguination

A

result of vascular damage and is mostly due to bleeding from bone; draining of blood.

97
Q

Leigh syndrome/disease

A

children inhereting a gene that causes nervous system cells to die. Rare mitochondrial disease (maternal); causes seizures, developmental delays, heart issues, breath issues.

98
Q

LHON Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

A

mitochondrial disease inherited from mother; causes one to lose eyesight starting with painless blurriness progressing to blindness.

99
Q

Klinefelter syndrome or XXY

A

males born with an extra X chromosome; taller stature with short torso and broad hips; absent or delayed puberty; malafected secondary sex characteristics, weak bones.

100
Q

Turner syndrome

A

females born with a missing/partially missing X chromosome. Can cause medical and developmental problems; short height, failure of ovarian development, heart defects

101
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Inherited gene defect; Damage to blood vessels, heart, eyes, skin, lungs, and bones of hips, spine, feet, and rib cage. Some complications; heart disease, bone deformities, eye conditions, crooked teeth, collapsed lungs.

102
Q

Cri du chat syndrome

A

rare genetic disorder from missing pieces of a chromosome; infant has high pitched cry, small head, flattened bridge of nose. Developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.

103
Q

commisure

A

A junction point // joint between two bones ; band of nerve tissues connecting hemispheres of the brain ; two sides of the spinal cord

104
Q

lytic lesion

A

bone lesions/osteolytic lesions. Spots of bone damage resulting from cancerous plasma cells building up in bone marrow

105
Q

fundal massage

A

aka uterine massage; used to reduce bleeding and cramping of uterus after childbirth or an abortion.

106
Q

lag screw

A

used to compress fracture fragments

107
Q

trabeculectomy

A

type of glaucoma surgery performed on the eye that creates a new path for fluid inside the eye to be drained.

108
Q

scotoma

A

visual field abnormality or blind spot, often in one eye but can occur in both.

109
Q

extravasation

A

unintentional leakage of irritating fluids or medications from the vein into the surrounding tissue

110
Q

VTE venous thromboembolism prophylaxis

A

pharma and non-pharma measures to diminish risk of DVT and pulmonary embolism via blood clots in the veins.

111
Q

neuroleptic anesthesia

A

sedative/hypnotic drug for mild to moderately painful treatments, alone or with combination of analgesic. Depressed consciousness but does not inhibit patient’s ability to maintain airway reflexes.

112
Q

akinesia

A

loss of ability to move muscles. Induced for surgical procedures.

113
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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