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Medical Transcription > Advanced deck B > Flashcards

Advanced deck B Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

sesamoid apparatus

A

Sesamoid bones and tendons functioning together to propel the greater toe

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2
Q

mantle cell lymphoma

A

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Develops in outer edge of lymph node called the mantle zone. Often spread to lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and liver.

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3
Q

ray resection

A

operation to salvage the foot and maintain bipedal ambulation; removal of diseased toe and metatarsal

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4
Q

VNUS radiofrequency

A

minimally invasive technique to use a small catheter to heat the end of a diseased vein to shrink and close the vessel and reroute blood flow to healthy veins

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5
Q

incompetent perforators

A

veins that are linked to chronic venous insufficiency; bad valves or blockage leading to recurrent leg pain, swelling, cramps

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6
Q

urinary NTx

A

specific to bone and found in urine as a product of bone degradation. Correlate to rate of bone resorption; net results can indicate osteopenia/porosis

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7
Q

celiac sprue antibodies

A

antibodies confirmative of celiac disease; IgA/tIgA; correlate to degree of mucosal damage

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8
Q

BUS (gynecology)

A

Bartholins/urethra/Skene’s referring to vaginal examination

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9
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

heavy irregular menstrual bleeding; prolonged condition of excessive bleeding more frequent than normal.

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10
Q

AGC Absolute granulocyte count

A

cell number for each blood cell type, hemoglobin levels, and gran CBC count

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11
Q

EIT / embedded in toto

A

specimen submitted entirely, in whole.

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12
Q

metanephrines

A

made when the body breaks down catecholamine hormones which are made by the adrenal gland; response to stress. Test in urine can indicate tumor of adrenal glands; pheochromocytoma

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13
Q

leukopathy / leukoencephalopathy

A

progressive damage to white matter caused by drug addiction, environmental toxins, or chemo therapy drugs. Affects brain and spinal cord.

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14
Q

labyrinthitis

A

inflammation of membranous labyrinth of the inner ear; vertigo, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, hearing loss

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15
Q

kappa free light chain

A

blood test measuring levels of protein in blood; plasma cells make light chains that link up with other proteins to make heavy chains. Abnormal levels can indicate plasma disorders.

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16
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Congenital condition as a result of missing nerve cells in baby’s colon; affects large intestine/colon and causes problems with passing stool.

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17
Q

heterogenous

A

diverse; being of different kinds, degrees, dimensions

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18
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome GBS

A

rare condition where nervous system attacks peripheral nerves. More common in adult males. Most people recover fully. Usually associated with viral illness/diarrhea/URI

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19
Q

monoclonal gammopathy

A

conditions in which abnormal proteins are found in the blood flowing from a small number of plasma cells in the bone marrow.

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20
Q

electrophoresis

A

laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules through a gel or matrix.

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21
Q

disequilibrium

A

sensation of impending fall or need to obtain external assistance for proper ambulation. eg; sense of floating or a tilt to the floor. Can originate in inner ear or CNS.

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22
Q

demyelinating disease

A

condition that causes damage to myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibres in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Often due to viral/bacterial infections, genetic disposition, vitamin deficiency

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23
Q

coproporphyrin

A

porphyrin metabolite arising from heme synthesis; natural chemical in the body helping form substances; eg hemoglobin.

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24
Q

cholestasis

A

stagnation or marked reduction in bile secretion and flow; impaired hepatocytes in secretion of bule or obstruction at any level of excretory path.

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25
Q

borborygmi

A

characteristic growling or rumblings sounds that stomach and intestines make as matter passes through; can indicate intolerance to foods

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26
Q

Bence Jones

A

protein markers used to diagnoses and monitor multiple myelomas or other malignancy of the lymphatic system

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27
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy WE

A

acute neurological condition; triad of ophthalmoparesis with nystagmus, ataxia, and confusion. Life-threatening, caused by thiamine deficiency.

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28
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

abnormal flow of urine from bladder back up the tubes connecting to kidney.

29
Q

tumescent

A

firm and swollen

30
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

infection with parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Often from undercooked meat or cat feces. Can pass to baby in pregnancy. Damages brain, eyes, other organs.

31
Q

propagation

A

breeding of specimens by natural processes/ spread of growth

32
Q

porphyria

A

rare disorders of buildup of porphyrins in the body- cannot convert into heme; part of hemoglobin. Affects skin, CNS, GI. No known cure.

33
Q

plasmapheresis

A

therapeutic intervention of extracorporeal removal, return, or exchange of plasma or components. Treatment for blood cancers, neurlogic disorders, etc

34
Q

Pipkin classification

A

types I - IV classification of types of femoral head fracture.

35
Q

parvovirus B19

A

human strain; common infectious disease with mild symptoms. Can sometimes target immature red blood cells and cease production.

36
Q

nidus

A

latin for “nest”; in appearance or function. Breeding place of bacteria, parasites, or other disease agents.

37
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibody produced from cell lineage made by cloning unique white blood cell and all trace back to original parent; immune system proteins that bind to specific antigen

38
Q

microcephaly

A

birth defect of an abnormally small head; often have smaller brains that might not develop properly

39
Q

lacunar infarct

A

artery that supplies blood to the deeper portions of the brain becomes blocked- 15-25% of strokes.

40
Q

multi-infarct dementia (MID)

A

common cause of memory loss in elderly. Caused by multiples strokes causing damaged brain tissue.

41
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

deficiency of magnesium; anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, weakness.

42
Q

hemochromatosis

A

disorder which the body can build up too much iron in the skin, heart, liver, pancreas, pituitary glands, joints; Toxic to the body and can cause tissue damage.

43
Q

FBE test

A

Full blood examination; provides window to overall health of a person. AKA CBC - COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

44
Q

encopresis

A

fecal incontinence of soiling; repeated passing of stool into clothing; impact stool collects in colon and rectum and leaks out.

45
Q

PAD - Peripheral artery disease

A

narrowing or blockage of the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs.

46
Q

NPH - Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

brain disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles; causes thinking and reasoning problems, difficulty walking, incontinence.

47
Q

senescent

A

relating to or characterized by being old or the process of aging

48
Q

Immunofixation (IFE)

A

blood test AKA protein electrophoresis; measures certain proteins in the blood; possible cancer diagnosis.

49
Q

Interventional Radiology (IR)

A

use of medical imaging techniques to guide doctors as they diagnose and treat problems with blood and lymph vessels.

50
Q

esophageal manometry

A

test shows whether esophagus is working properly; measures the contractions of the esophagus.

51
Q

turgor

A

pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.

52
Q

orthostasis

A

“upright + stand (histania)” normal physiological response of sympathetic system to counteract fall in blood pressure when laying down and assuming upright position

53
Q

plasma metanephrines

A

markers of pheochromocytoma produced within tumors.

54
Q

Virchow’s node

A

left supraclavicular node; sign of metastatic malignancy mainly from gastric cancer.

55
Q

CT coronary calcium scoring

A

Normal score is ZERO. CT scan looking at how much calcium is in the coronary arteries. Calcium residuals show buildup of plaque.

56
Q

U&E exam

A

urea and electrolytes blood test; kidney function test.

57
Q

polypharmacy

A

umbrella term for simultaneous use of multiple medicines by a patient

58
Q

Phalen test

A

Series of movements and positions to help diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome; moving hands and wrists in position putting light pressure on median nerve - signed by tingling or numbness

59
Q

Tinel sign

A

Tingling sensation by tapping skin over an affect nerve; diagnoses nerve damage or irritation

60
Q

Cardiac enzymes

A

cardiac biomarkers; proteins found in blood that can indicate heart damage or disease.

61
Q

ORIF (fracture)

A

Open reduction and internal fixation. Type or surgery to stabilized and heal broken bone; common to the ankle and feet.

62
Q

trismus

A

lockjaw; usually due to sustained spasms of mastication muscles. Bilateral restriction of the jaw opening from any cause.

63
Q

portal tracts

A

foci within parenchyma; branch of portal vein and hepatic artery and bile duct.

64
Q

fungemia

A

presence of fungi or yeasts in the blood

65
Q

PEJ tube

A

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube; inserted through the abdomen wall directly into the small intestine- jejunum.

66
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse or part or all of the lung by blockage of air passages or pressure on the lung. Risk from anesthesia, prolonged bed rest, underlying lung disease.

67
Q

demyelinatinion

A

loss of myelin with relative preservation of axons; results from diseases that damage myelin sheaths or cells.

68
Q

plasmapheresis

A

intervention involving extracorporeal removal, return, or exchange of blood plasma components.

69
Q

apyretic

A

without a fever, afebrile.

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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