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Medical Transcription > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

transaminase

A

“aminotransferases” are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins. High levels can indicate fatty liver or alcohol related disease.

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2
Q

transamination

A

the transfer of an amino group from amino acid to keto acid with formation of a new amino acid and a new keto acid. The liver is the main site of this process.

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3
Q

Neer test

A

test in orthopedic examination of the shoulder. It is used to test for subacromial impingement of rotator cuff tendons. This is also known as Subacromial Pain Syndrome or Impingement Syndrome

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4
Q

antalgic gait

A

an abnormal pattern of walking secondary to pain that ultimately causes a limp, whereby the stance phase is shortened relative to the swing phase. (wanting to spend as little time on the injured limb as possible, skipping off it)

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5
Q

flexion

A

closing the angle of a joint. Eg; bending at knee or elbow.

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6
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle of a joint. eg; straightening fingers to open hand.

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7
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending down the foot ; curling toes

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8
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending backwards; pointing the toes upwards

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9
Q

abduction “A-B-duction”

A

movement away from midline of body; lifting arm above shoulder

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10
Q

adduction “A-D-duction”

A

movement toward midline of body; returning arm down to side from a raised position

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11
Q

inversion

A

turning inwards; turning the sole of the foot towards the midline

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12
Q

eversion

A

turning outwards; turning the sole of the foot laterally

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13
Q

supination

A

turning outward; turning the palm upwards

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14
Q

pronation

A

turning inwards; turning the palm downwards

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15
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement from a central point; describing a circle with an outstretched arm

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16
Q

rotation

A

turning a body part on its own axis; turning of the forearm from the elbow

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17
Q

vastus

A

huge, vast, massive

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18
Q

maximus

A

large

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19
Q

longus

A

long

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20
Q

minimus

A

small

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21
Q

brevis

A

short

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22
Q

deltoid

A

triangular

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23
Q

latissimus

A

wide

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24
Q

trapezius vs rhomboideus

A

trapezoids (4 sided shape, two angled surfaces and a parallell surface). Rhomboids ( 4 sided paralellogram adjacent sides are unequal and no right angleds)

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25
Q

teres

A

round

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26
Q

frontalis

A

flat muscle covering foreheard; raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

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27
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

circular muscle around the eye; closes eye, blinking, squinting

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28
Q

levator palpebrae

A

back of eye to upper eyelid; opens eyes

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29
Q

orbicularis oris

A

circular muscle around mouth; kissing muscle

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30
Q

buccinator

A

horizontal cheek muscle; flattens cheek. Trumpeters muscle.

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31
Q

zygomaticus

A

goes from corner of mouth to cheekbone; smiling muscle

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32
Q

temporalis

A

flat, fan-shaped muscle over temporal bone; closes jaw

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33
Q

masseter

A

cover the lateral part of the lower jaw; closes jaw

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34
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

runs along the side of the neck; goes from sternum and clavicle to mastoid process of temporal bone; flex and rotate the head, praying muscle

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35
Q

trapezius

A

large, flat, triangular muscle on back of neck and upper back to shoulders; extends head to look at sky, elevates and shrugs shoulders

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36
Q

external intercostals

A

intercostal spaces (between ribs); enlarges thoracic cavity for breathing as accessory

37
Q

internal intercostals

A

intercostal spaces (between ribs); decreases thoracic cavity for forced expiration

38
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities; chief muscle for inspiration

39
Q

external + internal obliques AND transversus and rectus abdominus

A

muscles arranged vertically, horizontally, and obliquely to strengthen abdominal wall; as a group, the abdominal wall muscles compress the abdomen; the rectus abdominis also flexes the vertebral column. Protection.

40
Q

serratus anterior

A

forms the upper sides of the chest wall below the axillae; pulls scapula forward; aids in raising arms

41
Q

pectoralis major

A

large muscle that covers upper anterior chest; adducts and flexes upper arm across chest; pulls shoulders forward and downward

42
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

large, broad, flat muscle on mid and lower back; adducts and rotates arm behind the back; “swimmer’s muscle”

43
Q

deltoid

A

thick muscle that covers the shoulder joint, abducts arm in scarecrow position

44
Q

Rotator Cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

A

group of four muscles that attaches the humerus to the scapula; forms cuff over proximal humerus; rotates the arm at the shoulder joint

45
Q

biceps brachii

A

anterior surface of upper arm; flexes and supinates forearm; muscle used to “make a muscle”

46
Q

triceps brachii

A

posterior surface of upper arm; extends forearm; “boxer’s muscle”

47
Q

brachialis

A

deep to biceps; flexes forearm

48
Q

brachioradialis

A

muscles of forearm; flexes forearm

49
Q

flexor and extensor/ carpi groups

A

extensor/ carpi groups
anterior and posterior forearm to hand; flex and extend hand

50
Q

flexor and extensor/ digitorum groups

A

anterior and posterior forearm to fingers; flex and extend fingers

51
Q

gluteus maximus

A

largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles, posterior buttocks; forms the buttocks; extends the thigh; muscle for sitting and climbing stairs

52
Q

gluteus medius

A

thick muscle partly behind and superior to the gluteal maximus; abducts and rotates thigh; common site of intramuscular injections

53
Q

gluteus minimus

A

smallest and deepest of the gluteal muscles; abducts and rotates thighs

54
Q

iliopsoas

A

anterior surface of groin; crosses over hip joint to femur; flexes the thigh; antagonist to gluteus maximus

55
Q

adductor group: longus, brevis, magnus, and the gracilis

A

medial inner thigh region; adducts thigh; muscles used by horseback riders to stay on the horse

56
Q

Quadriceps: group used to extend the knee (kicking, etc.); R_____f_____can flex thigh at the hip joint

A

“Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius” anterior and lateral surface of the thigh; form a common tendon that inserts in tibia; group used to extend the knee (kicking, etc.); rectus femoris can flex thigh at the hip joint

57
Q

sartorius

A

long muscle that crosses obliquely over the anterior thigh; allows you to sit in a crossed-leg position

58
Q

Hamstrings: Flex and extend the thigh

A

“Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus” posterior surface of thigh; as a group they attach to the tibia and fibula

59
Q

tibialis anterior

A

anterior leg; dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

60
Q

peroneus longus

A

lateral leg surface; plantar flexion, eversion of foot. Supports the foot arch.

61
Q

gastrocnemius

A

posterior surface of leg; large two-headed muscle that forms the calf; plantar flexion, toe dancer’s muscle

62
Q

soleus

A

posterior surface of the leg; plantar flexion

63
Q

paraspinal muscles / erector spinae

A

three muscle groups that support your back; iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis. You use them every time you lean to one side, arch your back, bend forward, or twist your torso

64
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that binds to muscle receptor sites to transmit nerve signals

65
Q

anterior/posterior drawer

A

physical maneuvers testing for ligamentous instability/muscle dysfunction in the ankle

66
Q

calf squeeze test

A

physical palpatory test used to detect rupture of the Achilles tendon; also called a Thompson test

67
Q

deep tendon reflexes

A

physical exam usually with a reflex hammer used to test for presence of neuromuscular disease

68
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

needle electrode test measuring activity/firing of muscles at rest and during contraction; used to see how well muscles are working in certain areas of body

69
Q

electroneuromyography/nerve conduction velocity (NCV)

A

surface electrode test often conducted in association with EMG; used to distinguish muscle dysfunction from nerve dysfunction

70
Q

extraocular muscle function testing

A

test performed asking patient to look in six different directions while noting response of eye muscles to movement

71
Q

FABER test / Patrick’s test

A

F -lexion, AB -duction and E -xternal R -otation; physical maneuver used to test for hip or psoas muscle spasm

72
Q

manual muscle testing (MMT

A

evaluation of function and strength of individual muscles against resistance. It can be measured in finite degrees (such as 2+/5) or general degrees (such as fair plus/good minus)

73
Q

Speed test

A

physical maneuver used to test for bicipital tendinitis; muscular condition of the shoulder

74
Q

Cardiac stress test

A

pharmaceutical in nature ; monitor affects of stress on the muscles. cardiac stress tests: Can be with exercise or without depending upon condition
- dobutamine stress test
- Cardiolite stress test
- adenosine stress test
- Lexiscan stress test

75
Q

paracervical

A

located or administered next to the uterine cervix. (site for labor injections)

76
Q

popliteal angle

A

assesses hamstring flexibility and length, often for cerebral palsy patients

77
Q

Babinskis reflex

A

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out. Babinski reflex is one of the normal reflexes in infants and in children up to 2 years old. Can diagnose brain/CNS conditions.

78
Q

Allis sign / Galeazzi test

A

used to assess for hip dislocation, specifically testing for developmental dysplasia of the hip. The test is performed with infant supine, hips flexed to 45 and knees flexed to 90 with feet flat on examining surface - assessing knee height.

79
Q

palmar surface

A

The palm or grasping side of the hand; back is called the dorsal side

80
Q

endomysium

A

key element separating single muscle fibres from another. Allows autonomous gliding during muscle contractiopn. Highly deformable tissue adapts to changes of volume in muscle contraction.

81
Q

obturator internus

A

externally rotates the femur when the hip is extended and abducts the femur when the hip is flexed.

82
Q

ipsilateral

A

belonging to the same side of the body

83
Q

masseter

A

muscle through the rear part of the cheek from the temporal bone to the lower jaw. Closes jaw in chewing.

84
Q

brachioradialis

A

most superficial muscle on radial side of forearm. Forms lateral side of cubital fossa. Flexes the forearm at the elbow.

85
Q

Mcburney’s point

A

point of the lower right quadrant of the abdomen where tenderness is maximal with acute appendicits.

86
Q

iliotibial IT band

A

thick band of fibrous tissue running along the outside of the leg. Starts at the hip and extends to the outer side of the shinbone below the knee joint. Provides support to outside of knee joint.

87
Q

quadratus femoris

A

flat, quadrilateral skeletal muscle. Posterior side of hip joint. External rotator and adductor of thigh; also stabilizes femoral head in acetabulum

88
Q

piriformis

A

flat, narrow muscle running from lower spine through butt to top of thighs. Aids in almost all lower body movements. Sciatic nerve runs underneath.

89
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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