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Reproductive Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acute prostatitis

A

inflammation of prostate gland; may be caused by any of a variety of microorganisms including those which cause STDs

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2
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation.
primary amenorrhea = for person who has never previously menstruated. Can also be due to gonadal dysgenesis (maldeveloped ovaries) or agenesis (absence of ovaries)

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3
Q

amniocentesis

A

sampling of amniotic fluid done through insertion of a tube into abdomen; fluid withdrawn and analyzed for dating of fetus, sex, and diagnosis of developmental abnormalities

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4
Q

anal verge

A

lower edge of the anal canal that marks the junction of the anal canal and external hair bearing skin. Surgical landmark.

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5
Q

anorchism / polyorchidism

A

complete absence of one or both testes. / presence of multiple testes, or supernumerary testicles

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6
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis; results from retention of secretions and bacteria beneath foreskin

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7
Q

bartholinitis

A

inflammation of the vulvovaginal (Bartholin) duct near the opening of the vagina

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8
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH

A

overgrowth of normal glandular and muscular elements of prostate gland. Hyperplasia arises in immediate vicinity of the urethra and most freq cause of urinary obstruction. Can cause bladder and kidney dmg
Diagnosis; digital rectal exam DRE, ultrasound, cystoscopy
Rx; surgical removal - transurethral resection of the prostate TURP
Good recovery if rx before kidney dmg

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9
Q

breast self-exam BSE

A

physical exam of the breasts to detect any abnormalities done by women usually once per month at certain times in mestrual cycle

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10
Q

CA-125

A

blood test used to screen for ovarian cancer; used as marker to determine stage of disease post diagnosis

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11
Q

cell culture

A

swab test taken from sores to be tested under microscope for presence of HSV or genital herpes

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12
Q

cervical biopsy

A

cervix tissue removal for examination and testing
-cone biopsy/cold knife cone: removal of wedge shaped tissue from area of abnormal changes
-LEEP loop electrosurgical excision procedure conization: excisional biopsy using electricalwire loop
-punch biopsy: punch to removetissue for exam

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13
Q

Cervical cancer

A

most often caused by HPV complications, avg 45 yrs.
Diagnosis: Pap smear; cells obtained from cervix examined for cancer. Biopsy, colposcopy
Rx; radiation, chemotherapy, surgery dependant on lesion size

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14
Q

cervix os

A

Upper boundary of the cervix; the internal os is the opening b/t cervix and corpus, external is opening b/t cervix and vagina

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15
Q

chlamydia

A

common STD causing infection in m/f. Can cause permanent dmg to female repro system; difficult w/ pregnancy. Can also cause potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb)

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16
Q

chorionic villus sampling CVS

A

diagnostic procedure done thru cervix or the abdomen removing a small piece of placental tissue; diagnose chromosomal abnorms

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17
Q

chromotubation

A

laparoscopic procedure utilizing dye injection thru catheter in uterus; spill is watched thru fallopian tubes; diagnose infertility

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18
Q

chronic prostatitis

A

most common repro system infection in men older than 50, often follows acute prostatitis

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19
Q

clue cells

A

vaginal epithelial cells that appear fuzzy without sharp edges under a microscope when they are coated with bacteria; means bacterial vaginosis is present

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20
Q

colposcopy + culdoscopy

A

-magnified exam of cervix, vagina, and vulva looking for signs of disease
-exam done of rectouterine pouch and pelvic viscera

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21
Q

condyloma acuminata (genital warts)

A

caused by specific types of HPV, which are different from the types that lead to cervical cancers

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22
Q

congenital phimosis

A

characterized by tightness of the prepuce/foreskin so that it cannot be drawn back over the glans penis; usually self resolving by age 6 but is the justification for circumcision. Occurs in 96% of newborns

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23
Q

copotomy

A

circumferential incision around the cervix to remove the cervix and uterine fundus; part of a vaginal hysterectomy

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24
Q

cryptorchidism

A

“condition which testes are hidden” Failure of one or both testes to descend in the first 9 months of life. May be given hormone injections to treat, but primary Rx is orchiopexy, testicle fixation. 5% of undescended testies are vanished testis; cannot be found at time of surgery. Often in premature infants.

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25
Q

curet / curette

A

spoon-shaped scraping instrument for removing tissue matter from a cavity

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26
Q

cystadenoma

A

uncommon, benign cystic epithelial neoplasm that frequently contains epithelium-lined papillary projections into cystic spaces. Can occur in ovaries.

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27
Q

cytomegalovirus CMV

A

another herpes virus; associated with high mortality in persons with weakened immune systems

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28
Q

delayed puberty

A

usually applies to boys who develop more slowly than average but still undergo full sexual development. If delayed beyond 19, considered permanent = hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism

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29
Q

developmental anomalies of vagina and uterus

A

complete absence, incomplete development, duplication

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30
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful periods or menstrual cramps. Nausea, fatigue, diarrhea.

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31
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful cramps felt before or during menstruation. Pain caused by normal contractions of uterine muscle during menses = primary dysmenorrhea. treated symptomatically.
secondary dysmenorrhea = painful menses assoc w/ pelvic disease such as endometriosis or inflammation of tubes/ovaries. Treat underlying cause.

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32
Q

echogenicity

A

the ability to bounce an echo; return the signal in ultrasound examinations; so the value is higher when the surface bouncing the sound reflects increased waves.

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33
Q

endometriosis

A

disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus; can cause severe pain in the pelvis and make it difficult for pregnancy. Can start at a person’s 1st period until menopause.

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34
Q

epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis, can result in sterility

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35
Q

epididymo-orchitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis (tube that transports sperm) and or testicles (orchitis). Usually due to infection; most often urine infection or STI. Antibiotics will usually clear it.

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36
Q

epispadias

A

incomplete urtethral anomaly at the proximal end, meatus opens to the dorsal side of the penis. Urinary sphincter part of incomplete tract; lack of bladder control and incontinence. Often associated with bladder exstrophy (outside pelvic cavity). Surgical correction is more complex. 1/100,000 males

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37
Q

erectile dysfunction ED

A

aka impotence; unable to achieve erection sufficient for sexual activity. Some may experience ED due to fatigue, alcohol, stress, relationship issues. Other issues include neurological disorders like MS, psychological factors, trauma, vascular disease, surgical procedures, drug use, prostate cancer.

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38
Q

FSH follicle stimulating hormone/LH luteinizing hormone/estradiol

A

blood tests to evaluate level of hormones present in woman’s body; used in infertility workups for ovulation prediction or determine if postmenopausal

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39
Q

FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

A

blood test, most reliable for ruling out syphilis

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40
Q

Fuchs dystrophy

A

the body of the cornea (stroma) begins to thicken and the cornea becomes cloudy. Fluid builds up in front of the eye, causing the cornea to swell and thicken. This can lead to glare, blurred, or cloudy vision.

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41
Q

GC/ chlamydia culture AND gonorrhea culture

A

STD test swab taken and left to grow to test for bacterial growth of gonorrhea or chlamydia
AND
swab taken from infected area or discharge; cultured or gram stained for gonorrhea

42
Q

genital herpes (herpes simplex virus HSV)

A

virus enters through microscopic tears in the mucous membrane and settles in the body permanently, causing recurrent symptoms. Treatment of active symptoms is w/ antivirals. Active HSV during childbirth can be fatal to the infant. Associated with cervical cancer.

43
Q

Gleason Score

A

most common system in grading prostate cancer

44
Q

gonorrhea

A

caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chief symptoms in males is dysuria, ~50% infected females are asymptomatic. If untreated, can lead to arthritis or heart disease.

45
Q

hypha

A

one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. Hyphae are divided into cells by internal crosswall, septa.

46
Q

hypospadias

A

ventral side of the urethral canal fails to close at its distal end (the meatus) eg the opening is not at the tip of the penis. The proximal part is not involved so the sphincter muscle that closes the urethra fxns normally with urinary control. Surgical repair is done on an outpatient basis between 6 mo to 2 years. 1/250 males

47
Q

hysterectomy

A

remove the uterus and the cervix. patient can no longer menstruate or become pregnant. Reasons; abnormal bleeding, uterine prolapse, fibroids, cancer

48
Q

hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

A

x-ray procedure with dye injection; looking inside uterus and fallopian tubes

49
Q

inguinal

A

the groin; the lower part of the anterolateral abdominal wall. Small area serving as a passage for reproductive organs

50
Q

intraepithelial

A

abnormal cells present on the surface of the cervix and have not grown past the surface layer.

51
Q

keloid scar

A

thick raised scar; occurs when there is a skin injury but usually forms on ears, shoulders, cheeks, or chest

52
Q

Kerkovian uterine biopsy punch / curette

A

scissor-like device that atraumatically bites off uterine and cervical tissues for biopsy. Curette is used to remove parts of the uterine wall for biopsy

53
Q

labia minora fusion

A

sealing together of the small lips of the vulva enfolding the vagina, urethra, clitoris. Usually a small unfused area is just below the clitoris thru which urine and menses can flow. Chief difficulty is obstruction of urine and UTI risk.

54
Q

lactated Ringer’s

A

injection is used to replace water and electrolyte loss in patients with low blood volume or pressure. Also akalinizes the body; regulate pH.

55
Q

LAVH-BSO

A

Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy; removes the uterus through the vagina. Sometimes the fallopian tubes and ovaries are taken out at the same time&raquo_space; bilateral salpingo oophorectomy.

56
Q

leiomyomata

A

uterine fibroids; group of benign smooth muscle tumors in premenopausal women in the uterus

57
Q

LLETZ procedure

A

common treatment to remove cervical cell changes. Loop electrical excision procedure

58
Q

mammography/breast ultrasound

A

evaluate inner structures of woman’s breast screening for cancer and other conditions

59
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive menstrual bleeding (usually mover than 7 days) with passage of large clots with symptoms of anemia. May be due to imbalance of thyroid or adrenal hormones or local disease of pelvic organs: inflammation due to infection, benign tumor/fibroid, polyp in uterus, cancer

60
Q

metrorrhagia

A

bleeding not related to menstruation; intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding. Hormones (birth control) may be used to prevent, and iron pills for anemia.
often due to cervix abnormality; polyp or cervical erosion.

61
Q

Metzenbaum

A

operative scissors used for fine dissection and cutting. Longest blades of surgical scissors

62
Q

nocturnal penile tumescence NPT

A

monitoring device which measures erectile activity during sleep and records data; information diagnoses ED conditions

63
Q

nongonococcal urethritis NGU

A

caused by variety of microorganisms but most commonly by those of the genus chlamydia

64
Q

oligoovulation

A

infrequent or irregular ovulation

65
Q

omentectomy

A

The omentum is a layer of fatty tissue covering the abdominal organs; surgical operation to remove part of or all of the omentum. Usually done as staging or treatment for cancer in the abdominal cavity.

66
Q

omentectomy

A

surgical operation to remove part or all of the omentum; a layer of fatty tissue that covers the abdominal organs where cancer can spread

67
Q

Pap smear (Papanicolaou stain)

A

emend exam under microscope of cells removed during pelvic exam from cervix; detect cervical cancers and other conditions/disease

68
Q

paracervical block

A

anesthetic procedure used in obstetrics and genecology; local anesthesia is injected between 2-6 sites alongside the vaginal portion of the cervix in the vaginal fornices.

69
Q

PCR polymerase chain reaction

A

blood test taken to test for presence of genital herpes

70
Q

Peyronie disease

A

noncancerous condition resulting from fibrous scar tissue developing on the penis and causes curved painful erections.

71
Q

posthitis

A

inflammation of the prepuce/foreskin of penis; results from retention of secretions and bacteria beneath the foreskin

72
Q

postpartum depression

A

Can occur anytime during 1st year after childbirth.
Mood changes, sleep changes, eating, concentration, body preoccupation, phobias and fears with baby, lost interests, extreme irritability

73
Q

precocious puberty

A

when puberty begins at an earlier age than normal: 2 types.
1) true precocious; stimulated by normal hormone sequence and proceeds at normal rate, repro organs and 2ndary sex chars develop
2) pseudoprecocious: stimulated by abnormalities like ovarian cysts, tumors of testes, and hypothyroidism. 2ndary sex develops but not spermatozoa or ova

74
Q

priapism

A

persistent, usually painful erection that lasts for more than 4 hrs and occurs w/o sexual stim. Can occur in all age groups; most common 5-10, 20-50. Often due to blood trapped in corpora cavernosa. Sometimes from injury to penis/perinueum. Can lead to scarring and permanent erectile dysfxn.

75
Q

tubal ligation

A

surgical procedure for female sterilization

76
Q

prostate cancer

A

rare before 50 yrs, 3rd most common cancer in males. Progress is slow; by the time of symptoms of urinary obstructions of sexual dysfxn, metastasis often has occurred - spine, pelvic bones, femus.
Diagnosus; DRE, transrectal ultrasound TRUS, serum test for prostate specific antigen PSA. Biopsy to stage tumor.
Rx; prostatectomy to remove tumors of stage I. Radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy

77
Q

quad screen

A

blood test consisting of all the tests on a triple screen plus inhibin-A; detects down syndrome 81% of the time

78
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

A

removal of one (unilateral) or bilateral of your ovaries and fallopian tubes. Laparoscopic surgery is minimally invasively used. Often used for ovarian cancer.

79
Q

semen analysis

A

lab microscopic analysis of semen that can be used for fertility evaluations; motility, number, or to determine sterility post vasectomy

80
Q

sonogram

A

refers to ultrasound use for diagnostic purpose; Ultrasound is procedural, sonogram is the picture it produces

81
Q

synorchism

A

congenital fusion of two testicles into one mass. Fused testes may lie within the scrotum or inside the abdomen

82
Q

syphillis

A

cause by bacterial spirochete, Treponema pallidum. When T pallidum antibodies are found in blood tests, most often antibiotic used is penicillin

83
Q

tenaculum

A

slender, sharp-pointed hook attached to a handle and used mainly in surgery for seizing/holding parts, like arteries. Also used for IUD insertion and other cervical procedures.

84
Q

Testicular cancer

A

usually malignant; peak years 15-35, accounts for 1% of malignant growth in men.
Sympt: painless enlargement of testes
Diagnosis: physical exam, biospy, ultrasound, testicle may be removed for microscopic exam.
Rx; radiation or chemotherapy

85
Q

ThinPrep

A

used for screening presence of atypical cells, cervical cancer, or precursor lesions. Intended as a replacement for conventional method of Pap smears. Sample is taken from cervix and suspended in fluid to collect cells for lab.

86
Q

trichomoniasis

A

common STI caused by a parasite. Can cause foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching, painful urinartion. Men generally have no symptoms. Treated with oral drugs.

87
Q

trichomoniasis

A

caused by Trichomonas vaginalis protoza. Infexn is usually spread by sexual contact but not always. Can be seen on lab analysis of vaginal secretions. Treated with metronidazole, an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent standard.

88
Q

triple screen

A

blood test during pregnancy to look for genetic defects and to help diagnose multiple pregnancies
- hCG homan chorionic gonadotropin
-AFP alpha fetoprotein
-estriol: produced by fetus and placenta

89
Q

tubal clip / Hulka clip

A

technique involving application of a permanent clip on the fallopian tube that blocks the tubes; reversal of procedure has pregnancy success of 85%

90
Q

Tumors of external genitalia (M)

A

almost all epithelial (glans penis or prepuce). Rarely found in circumsized men.
Diagnosis: exam of biospy of lesion.
Rx: Surgical removal of part of penis, chemotherapy, radiation, spread to nodes = node removal.

91
Q

urogenital cloaca

A

congenital intercommunication between rectum and urinary bladder and vagina or b/t rectum and urethra and vagina. During development, babys 3 tracts don’t separate during fetal development. Born w/ just one opening.

92
Q

uterine and ovarian cancer

A

Cancer of endometrium is most common. Peak ~50yrs.
Symptoms: postmenopausal bleeding or discharge.
Diagnosis: examine specimen of endometrial tissue.
Rx; primarily surgical, supplemented with chemo, radiation, and/or hormone therapy

93
Q

uterine fibroids

A

benign tumors/uterine leiomyomata that originate from smooth muscle walls of uterus. Appear as clusters. 30-45 yrs.
Diagnosis: pelvic exam confirmed by ultrasound or hysteroscopy.
Rx; small asymptomatic not treated, large ones may need hormone therapy or myomectomy to remove tumors, or partial hysterectomy

94
Q

uterus didelphys

A

rare condition when a woman is born with 2 separate uteri

95
Q

vaginal atresia

A

(closure) vagina is obstructed by a membrane above the level of hymen. Menses appears absent because blood cannot flow into vagina.
“False amenorrhea/cryptomenorrhea” corrected by incision to membrane.
If ovaries are damaged or removed, = secondary amenorrhea

96
Q

vaginitis

A

generalized inflammation of the vagina caused by yeasts and bacteria

97
Q

vasography

A

radiological diagnostic of patency of vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts

98
Q

vesicouterine

A

relating to or connecting the urinary bladder and the uterus

99
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

fold of peritoneum over the uterus and urinary bladder

100
Q

Vulvar cancer

A

50+ usually arises from labia majora or minor.
Diagnosis: examination of tissue specimen.
Rx; radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

101
Q

lichen sclerosus

A

rare skin disease causing itchy painful patches of thin, white, wrinkled-appearing skin. Occur around vulva/anus or head of penis

102
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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