Reproductive Flashcards
acute prostatitis
inflammation of prostate gland; may be caused by any of a variety of microorganisms including those which cause STDs
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation.
primary amenorrhea = for person who has never previously menstruated. Can also be due to gonadal dysgenesis (maldeveloped ovaries) or agenesis (absence of ovaries)
amniocentesis
sampling of amniotic fluid done through insertion of a tube into abdomen; fluid withdrawn and analyzed for dating of fetus, sex, and diagnosis of developmental abnormalities
anal verge
lower edge of the anal canal that marks the junction of the anal canal and external hair bearing skin. Surgical landmark.
anorchism / polyorchidism
complete absence of one or both testes. / presence of multiple testes, or supernumerary testicles
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis; results from retention of secretions and bacteria beneath foreskin
bartholinitis
inflammation of the vulvovaginal (Bartholin) duct near the opening of the vagina
benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH
overgrowth of normal glandular and muscular elements of prostate gland. Hyperplasia arises in immediate vicinity of the urethra and most freq cause of urinary obstruction. Can cause bladder and kidney dmg
Diagnosis; digital rectal exam DRE, ultrasound, cystoscopy
Rx; surgical removal - transurethral resection of the prostate TURP
Good recovery if rx before kidney dmg
breast self-exam BSE
physical exam of the breasts to detect any abnormalities done by women usually once per month at certain times in mestrual cycle
CA-125
blood test used to screen for ovarian cancer; used as marker to determine stage of disease post diagnosis
cell culture
swab test taken from sores to be tested under microscope for presence of HSV or genital herpes
cervical biopsy
cervix tissue removal for examination and testing
-cone biopsy/cold knife cone: removal of wedge shaped tissue from area of abnormal changes
-LEEP loop electrosurgical excision procedure conization: excisional biopsy using electricalwire loop
-punch biopsy: punch to removetissue for exam
Cervical cancer
most often caused by HPV complications, avg 45 yrs.
Diagnosis: Pap smear; cells obtained from cervix examined for cancer. Biopsy, colposcopy
Rx; radiation, chemotherapy, surgery dependant on lesion size
cervix os
Upper boundary of the cervix; the internal os is the opening b/t cervix and corpus, external is opening b/t cervix and vagina
chlamydia
common STD causing infection in m/f. Can cause permanent dmg to female repro system; difficult w/ pregnancy. Can also cause potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb)
chorionic villus sampling CVS
diagnostic procedure done thru cervix or the abdomen removing a small piece of placental tissue; diagnose chromosomal abnorms
chromotubation
laparoscopic procedure utilizing dye injection thru catheter in uterus; spill is watched thru fallopian tubes; diagnose infertility
chronic prostatitis
most common repro system infection in men older than 50, often follows acute prostatitis
clue cells
vaginal epithelial cells that appear fuzzy without sharp edges under a microscope when they are coated with bacteria; means bacterial vaginosis is present
colposcopy + culdoscopy
-magnified exam of cervix, vagina, and vulva looking for signs of disease
-exam done of rectouterine pouch and pelvic viscera
condyloma acuminata (genital warts)
caused by specific types of HPV, which are different from the types that lead to cervical cancers
congenital phimosis
characterized by tightness of the prepuce/foreskin so that it cannot be drawn back over the glans penis; usually self resolving by age 6 but is the justification for circumcision. Occurs in 96% of newborns
copotomy
circumferential incision around the cervix to remove the cervix and uterine fundus; part of a vaginal hysterectomy
cryptorchidism
“condition which testes are hidden” Failure of one or both testes to descend in the first 9 months of life. May be given hormone injections to treat, but primary Rx is orchiopexy, testicle fixation. 5% of undescended testies are vanished testis; cannot be found at time of surgery. Often in premature infants.
curet / curette
spoon-shaped scraping instrument for removing tissue matter from a cavity
cystadenoma
uncommon, benign cystic epithelial neoplasm that frequently contains epithelium-lined papillary projections into cystic spaces. Can occur in ovaries.
cytomegalovirus CMV
another herpes virus; associated with high mortality in persons with weakened immune systems
delayed puberty
usually applies to boys who develop more slowly than average but still undergo full sexual development. If delayed beyond 19, considered permanent = hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism
developmental anomalies of vagina and uterus
complete absence, incomplete development, duplication
dysmenorrhea
painful periods or menstrual cramps. Nausea, fatigue, diarrhea.
dysmenorrhea
painful cramps felt before or during menstruation. Pain caused by normal contractions of uterine muscle during menses = primary dysmenorrhea. treated symptomatically.
secondary dysmenorrhea = painful menses assoc w/ pelvic disease such as endometriosis or inflammation of tubes/ovaries. Treat underlying cause.
echogenicity
the ability to bounce an echo; return the signal in ultrasound examinations; so the value is higher when the surface bouncing the sound reflects increased waves.
endometriosis
disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus; can cause severe pain in the pelvis and make it difficult for pregnancy. Can start at a person’s 1st period until menopause.
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis, can result in sterility
epididymo-orchitis
inflammation of the epididymis (tube that transports sperm) and or testicles (orchitis). Usually due to infection; most often urine infection or STI. Antibiotics will usually clear it.
epispadias
incomplete urtethral anomaly at the proximal end, meatus opens to the dorsal side of the penis. Urinary sphincter part of incomplete tract; lack of bladder control and incontinence. Often associated with bladder exstrophy (outside pelvic cavity). Surgical correction is more complex. 1/100,000 males
erectile dysfunction ED
aka impotence; unable to achieve erection sufficient for sexual activity. Some may experience ED due to fatigue, alcohol, stress, relationship issues. Other issues include neurological disorders like MS, psychological factors, trauma, vascular disease, surgical procedures, drug use, prostate cancer.
FSH follicle stimulating hormone/LH luteinizing hormone/estradiol
blood tests to evaluate level of hormones present in woman’s body; used in infertility workups for ovulation prediction or determine if postmenopausal
FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption
blood test, most reliable for ruling out syphilis
Fuchs dystrophy
the body of the cornea (stroma) begins to thicken and the cornea becomes cloudy. Fluid builds up in front of the eye, causing the cornea to swell and thicken. This can lead to glare, blurred, or cloudy vision.
GC/ chlamydia culture AND gonorrhea culture
STD test swab taken and left to grow to test for bacterial growth of gonorrhea or chlamydia
AND
swab taken from infected area or discharge; cultured or gram stained for gonorrhea
genital herpes (herpes simplex virus HSV)
virus enters through microscopic tears in the mucous membrane and settles in the body permanently, causing recurrent symptoms. Treatment of active symptoms is w/ antivirals. Active HSV during childbirth can be fatal to the infant. Associated with cervical cancer.
Gleason Score
most common system in grading prostate cancer
gonorrhea
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chief symptoms in males is dysuria, ~50% infected females are asymptomatic. If untreated, can lead to arthritis or heart disease.
hypha
one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. Hyphae are divided into cells by internal crosswall, septa.
hypospadias
ventral side of the urethral canal fails to close at its distal end (the meatus) eg the opening is not at the tip of the penis. The proximal part is not involved so the sphincter muscle that closes the urethra fxns normally with urinary control. Surgical repair is done on an outpatient basis between 6 mo to 2 years. 1/250 males
hysterectomy
remove the uterus and the cervix. patient can no longer menstruate or become pregnant. Reasons; abnormal bleeding, uterine prolapse, fibroids, cancer
hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
x-ray procedure with dye injection; looking inside uterus and fallopian tubes
inguinal
the groin; the lower part of the anterolateral abdominal wall. Small area serving as a passage for reproductive organs
intraepithelial
abnormal cells present on the surface of the cervix and have not grown past the surface layer.
keloid scar
thick raised scar; occurs when there is a skin injury but usually forms on ears, shoulders, cheeks, or chest
Kerkovian uterine biopsy punch / curette
scissor-like device that atraumatically bites off uterine and cervical tissues for biopsy. Curette is used to remove parts of the uterine wall for biopsy
labia minora fusion
sealing together of the small lips of the vulva enfolding the vagina, urethra, clitoris. Usually a small unfused area is just below the clitoris thru which urine and menses can flow. Chief difficulty is obstruction of urine and UTI risk.
lactated Ringer’s
injection is used to replace water and electrolyte loss in patients with low blood volume or pressure. Also akalinizes the body; regulate pH.
LAVH-BSO
Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy; removes the uterus through the vagina. Sometimes the fallopian tubes and ovaries are taken out at the same time»_space; bilateral salpingo oophorectomy.
leiomyomata
uterine fibroids; group of benign smooth muscle tumors in premenopausal women in the uterus
LLETZ procedure
common treatment to remove cervical cell changes. Loop electrical excision procedure
mammography/breast ultrasound
evaluate inner structures of woman’s breast screening for cancer and other conditions
menorrhagia
excessive menstrual bleeding (usually mover than 7 days) with passage of large clots with symptoms of anemia. May be due to imbalance of thyroid or adrenal hormones or local disease of pelvic organs: inflammation due to infection, benign tumor/fibroid, polyp in uterus, cancer
metrorrhagia
bleeding not related to menstruation; intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding. Hormones (birth control) may be used to prevent, and iron pills for anemia.
often due to cervix abnormality; polyp or cervical erosion.
Metzenbaum
operative scissors used for fine dissection and cutting. Longest blades of surgical scissors
nocturnal penile tumescence NPT
monitoring device which measures erectile activity during sleep and records data; information diagnoses ED conditions
nongonococcal urethritis NGU
caused by variety of microorganisms but most commonly by those of the genus chlamydia
oligoovulation
infrequent or irregular ovulation
omentectomy
The omentum is a layer of fatty tissue covering the abdominal organs; surgical operation to remove part of or all of the omentum. Usually done as staging or treatment for cancer in the abdominal cavity.
omentectomy
surgical operation to remove part or all of the omentum; a layer of fatty tissue that covers the abdominal organs where cancer can spread
Pap smear (Papanicolaou stain)
emend exam under microscope of cells removed during pelvic exam from cervix; detect cervical cancers and other conditions/disease
paracervical block
anesthetic procedure used in obstetrics and genecology; local anesthesia is injected between 2-6 sites alongside the vaginal portion of the cervix in the vaginal fornices.
PCR polymerase chain reaction
blood test taken to test for presence of genital herpes
Peyronie disease
noncancerous condition resulting from fibrous scar tissue developing on the penis and causes curved painful erections.
posthitis
inflammation of the prepuce/foreskin of penis; results from retention of secretions and bacteria beneath the foreskin
postpartum depression
Can occur anytime during 1st year after childbirth.
Mood changes, sleep changes, eating, concentration, body preoccupation, phobias and fears with baby, lost interests, extreme irritability
precocious puberty
when puberty begins at an earlier age than normal: 2 types.
1) true precocious; stimulated by normal hormone sequence and proceeds at normal rate, repro organs and 2ndary sex chars develop
2) pseudoprecocious: stimulated by abnormalities like ovarian cysts, tumors of testes, and hypothyroidism. 2ndary sex develops but not spermatozoa or ova
priapism
persistent, usually painful erection that lasts for more than 4 hrs and occurs w/o sexual stim. Can occur in all age groups; most common 5-10, 20-50. Often due to blood trapped in corpora cavernosa. Sometimes from injury to penis/perinueum. Can lead to scarring and permanent erectile dysfxn.
tubal ligation
surgical procedure for female sterilization
prostate cancer
rare before 50 yrs, 3rd most common cancer in males. Progress is slow; by the time of symptoms of urinary obstructions of sexual dysfxn, metastasis often has occurred - spine, pelvic bones, femus.
Diagnosus; DRE, transrectal ultrasound TRUS, serum test for prostate specific antigen PSA. Biopsy to stage tumor.
Rx; prostatectomy to remove tumors of stage I. Radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy
quad screen
blood test consisting of all the tests on a triple screen plus inhibin-A; detects down syndrome 81% of the time
salpingo-oophorectomy
removal of one (unilateral) or bilateral of your ovaries and fallopian tubes. Laparoscopic surgery is minimally invasively used. Often used for ovarian cancer.
semen analysis
lab microscopic analysis of semen that can be used for fertility evaluations; motility, number, or to determine sterility post vasectomy
sonogram
refers to ultrasound use for diagnostic purpose; Ultrasound is procedural, sonogram is the picture it produces
synorchism
congenital fusion of two testicles into one mass. Fused testes may lie within the scrotum or inside the abdomen
syphillis
cause by bacterial spirochete, Treponema pallidum. When T pallidum antibodies are found in blood tests, most often antibiotic used is penicillin
tenaculum
slender, sharp-pointed hook attached to a handle and used mainly in surgery for seizing/holding parts, like arteries. Also used for IUD insertion and other cervical procedures.
Testicular cancer
usually malignant; peak years 15-35, accounts for 1% of malignant growth in men.
Sympt: painless enlargement of testes
Diagnosis: physical exam, biospy, ultrasound, testicle may be removed for microscopic exam.
Rx; radiation or chemotherapy
ThinPrep
used for screening presence of atypical cells, cervical cancer, or precursor lesions. Intended as a replacement for conventional method of Pap smears. Sample is taken from cervix and suspended in fluid to collect cells for lab.
trichomoniasis
common STI caused by a parasite. Can cause foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching, painful urinartion. Men generally have no symptoms. Treated with oral drugs.
trichomoniasis
caused by Trichomonas vaginalis protoza. Infexn is usually spread by sexual contact but not always. Can be seen on lab analysis of vaginal secretions. Treated with metronidazole, an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent standard.
triple screen
blood test during pregnancy to look for genetic defects and to help diagnose multiple pregnancies
- hCG homan chorionic gonadotropin
-AFP alpha fetoprotein
-estriol: produced by fetus and placenta
tubal clip / Hulka clip
technique involving application of a permanent clip on the fallopian tube that blocks the tubes; reversal of procedure has pregnancy success of 85%
Tumors of external genitalia (M)
almost all epithelial (glans penis or prepuce). Rarely found in circumsized men.
Diagnosis: exam of biospy of lesion.
Rx: Surgical removal of part of penis, chemotherapy, radiation, spread to nodes = node removal.
urogenital cloaca
congenital intercommunication between rectum and urinary bladder and vagina or b/t rectum and urethra and vagina. During development, babys 3 tracts don’t separate during fetal development. Born w/ just one opening.
uterine and ovarian cancer
Cancer of endometrium is most common. Peak ~50yrs.
Symptoms: postmenopausal bleeding or discharge.
Diagnosis: examine specimen of endometrial tissue.
Rx; primarily surgical, supplemented with chemo, radiation, and/or hormone therapy
uterine fibroids
benign tumors/uterine leiomyomata that originate from smooth muscle walls of uterus. Appear as clusters. 30-45 yrs.
Diagnosis: pelvic exam confirmed by ultrasound or hysteroscopy.
Rx; small asymptomatic not treated, large ones may need hormone therapy or myomectomy to remove tumors, or partial hysterectomy
uterus didelphys
rare condition when a woman is born with 2 separate uteri
vaginal atresia
(closure) vagina is obstructed by a membrane above the level of hymen. Menses appears absent because blood cannot flow into vagina.
“False amenorrhea/cryptomenorrhea” corrected by incision to membrane.
If ovaries are damaged or removed, = secondary amenorrhea
vaginitis
generalized inflammation of the vagina caused by yeasts and bacteria
vasography
radiological diagnostic of patency of vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts
vesicouterine
relating to or connecting the urinary bladder and the uterus
vesicouterine pouch
fold of peritoneum over the uterus and urinary bladder
Vulvar cancer
50+ usually arises from labia majora or minor.
Diagnosis: examination of tissue specimen.
Rx; radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
lichen sclerosus
rare skin disease causing itchy painful patches of thin, white, wrinkled-appearing skin. Occur around vulva/anus or head of penis
