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Gastrointestinal Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

abdominoplasty

A

“tummy tuck” cosmetic surgery procedure designed to tighten abdominal muscles and remove excess fat from the area for a more toned and flattened appearance.

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2
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

condition that causes areas of dark thick velvety skin in body folds and creases. Typically affects armpits, groin, neck, in people with obesity/high blood insulin.

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3
Q

alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

A

protein produced in the liver that protects body tissues from being damaged by infection-fighting agents released by immune system. If deficient, prone to destruction of lung tissues.

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4
Q

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

protein produced by liver and yolk sac of a fetus. Has no normal fxn in adults. Measures/diagnoses/monitors fetal distress or abnormalitis. Can also detect liver disorders and cancers in adults.

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5
Q

atheromatous

A

fatty material that clogs the arteries leading to plaque buildup and atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Bard Marlex mesh

A

hernia mesh that was known to lead to severe complications and mesh failure; recalled and no longer in use.

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7
Q

BICAP Bipolar circum-active probe

A

new endoscopiocally deliverable bipolar electrocoagulator; arrests GI bleeding.

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8
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

presence of 1(+) gallstone in the common bile duct. Stone may be made of bile pigments or calcium and cholesterol salts. Liver produces bile aiding in fat digestion.

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9
Q

Clostridium (C.) difficile

A

bacteria that causes infection of colon; diarrhead to life-threatening damage of colon. Illness often occurs after using antibiotics. Mostly affects people in care. Bacteria are not active outside of colon and can cross contaminate through food, water, soil, surfaces.

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10
Q

cystiopathy

A

bladder small fiber neuropathy; caused by diabetes type 2. Loss of bladder sensation, post-voic residual.

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11
Q

dehiscence

A

splitting or bursting open of a wound

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12
Q

detrusor muscle

A

contract during urination to push urine out of the bladder into the urethra. Relaxes to allow storage of urine in the bladder.

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13
Q

diastasis recti

A

linea alba is overstretched and doesn’t come back together. The left and right sides of the abdominals stay separated. Also called “Ab gap” or ab separation. Often a postpartum condition for vaginal delivery.

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14
Q

diverticulectomy “bowel resection”`

A

procedure removing the diverticulum from the wall of the intestine. Sometimes a small part of the intestine will also be removed; open ends of the intesting will be sewn or stapled back.

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15
Q

diverticula

A

small bulging sacs or pouches that form on the inner wall of the intestine. Occur when weak places in the colon give away under pressure. Diverticulitis = inflammation/infection of pouches. Often part of large intestine.

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16
Q

dyspareunia

A

gential pain during or after intercourse. Can be felt externally on the vulva or internally in vagina, uterus, or pelvis. Often from underlying medical conditions or infections.

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17
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

body doesn’t produce enough albumin protein responsible for keeping fluid in the blood vessels. Often a symptom of nephrotic syndromes, hepatic cirrhosis, heart failure, malnutrition.

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18
Q

hypokalemia

A

low blood potassium levels; often due to excessive loss of potassium in digestive tract due to vomiting, diarrhea, or laxative use. Severe muscle weakness

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19
Q

ileitis

A

inflammation of the ileum; often by Chron’s disease or other infectious diseases. Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea.

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20
Q

jejunostomy tube (J-tube)

A

soft plastic tube placed through the skin of the abdomen into the middle of the small intestine. Delivers food and medicine until patient is healthy enough to eat by mouth. Used when contraindiction for placement of gastrostomy tube.

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21
Q

menarche

A

refers to the first time menstruating. Light bleeding, cramping, mood swings. Marks capability of pregnancy.

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22
Q

ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography

A

Type of xray that diagnoses and treats problems with the biliary system.

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23
Q

polypectomy

A

surgical removal of a polyp; via open abdominal surgery or during a colonoscopy. Snip off with forceps or use a snare that burns the base.

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24
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

severe inflammation of the inner lining of the large intestine. Manifests as antibiotic associated inflammatory complication. Most often from Clostridium difficile infection.

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25
Q

NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

A

advanced form of non-alch fatty liver diseases NAFLD via buildup of fat in the liver. Causes inflammation and damage; scarring of the liver.

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26
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

platelet count in the blood is too low. Prevents proper blood clotting ;excessive bleeding.

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27
Q

urodynamics

A

set of tests that measure lower urinary tract function. Pressure and flow rate.

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28
Q

esophageal varices

A

enlarged veins in the esophagus. Due to blocked blood flow through portal vein from intestine, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.

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29
Q

verrucous

A

lesions showing keratotic exophytic surface; wart-like growth pattern on the surface of the skin or an organ.

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30
Q

transglutaminase

A

common food additive; changes characteristics of food production to improve taste and texture. Tissue tests of IgA (tTG-IgA) used to diagnose celiac disease; immune system attacks gluten.

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31
Q

dysphagia

A

trouble swallowing

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32
Q

aphagia

A

inability to swallow

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33
Q

odynophagia

A

painful swallowing

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34
Q

eructation

A

(belching) when gas is expelled from the stomach through the mouth

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35
Q

achalasia

A

failure of lower esophageal sphincter muscle to relax. From loss of peristalsis so food doesn’t pass easily and causes the tube to dilate and accumulate food. Balloon dilation often used to force LES open.

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36
Q

GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

condition caused by abnormal reflux (backflow) of stomach through LES into esophagus; burning pain, belching, nausea, vomiting, dysphagia. Can narrow esophagus, hoarse throat, and can lead to Barret esophagus (precancerous). Treated via antacids and Nissen fundoplication; reconstruct GE junction.

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37
Q

esophageal stricture

A

narrowing of the esophagus; often due to GERD

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38
Q

Barret esophagus

A

a change in the cells lining the esophagus caused by chronic reflux. Can progress into cancer.

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39
Q

Nissen fundoplication

A

Procedure to reconstruct the area of the gastroesophageal junction to help remediate GERD

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40
Q

Schatzki ring

A

narrowing of the lower part of the esophagus, can cause episodic dysphagia. Caused by mucosal tissue lining the esophagus. Can develop a complete blockage- alleviated with balloon dilator or bougie (cylindrical instrument) dilator.

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41
Q

hernia

A

potrusion of an organ/part through the muscle that normally contains it. Corrected surgically via herniorrhaphy.

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42
Q

hiatal hernia

A

upper part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest. Can lead to GERD.

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43
Q

Treatment of peptic disorders

A

first line includes antacids to neutralize acid and histamine-2 (H2) blockers to promote healing by reducing acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors usually paired with H2 to block acid production for faster healing. When not remediated, surgical intervention is required.

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44
Q

peptic ulcer disease PUD

A

ulcers develop in lining of stomach or duodenum. Most often via bacterial infection Helicobacter pylori which eats the mucosal tissue. Also via drugs. Can lead to hematemesis or melena due to stomach bleeding.

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45
Q

antrectomy

A

surgical removal of lower part of stomach that produces hormone stimulating secretion of gastric juices

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46
Q

gastroduodenostomy / Billroth I procedure

A

performing an antrectomy and surgically attaching the remaining portion of the stomach to the duodenum

47
Q

gastrojejunostomy / Billroth II procedure

A

attaches remaining portion of stomach to the jejunum

48
Q

Celiac disease / celiac sprue

A

digestive disease - sensitivity to gluten, protein in wheat, rye, barley. Results in flammation and atrophy of upper small intestine; diarrhea, malabsorption, steatorrhea, nutritional/vitamin deficiencies, failure to thrive/short stature.

49
Q

steatorrhea

A

Fatty feces

50
Q

irritable bowel syndrome IBS

A

group of GI symptoms associated with stress and tension; diarrhea, constipation, bloating, flatus, and low abdominal pain. On exam intestines appear normal. Medicate, diet, and surgery.

51
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (Chrohn disease and ulcerative colitis)

A

inflamed lining of intestines = red and swollen. Becomes ulcerated and bleed; cobblestone appearance. Absorption is impaired and ileus can result. Stricture, fistula, or fissure can occur.

52
Q

Ileus

A

obstruction

53
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passage

54
Q

Chrohn disease

A

open sores affecting lining of small and/or large intestine characterized by flareups and symptom remission; diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, weakness, weight loss

55
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

ulcerated (sores breaching epithelium lining) inflammation of the top layer of the large intestine; hematochezia, mucosal sores, abdominal pain, diarrhea. Often spreads to entire colon - PANCOLITIS. Medicate, diet, surgery.

56
Q

stricturoplasty

A

widens narrowed areas of intestines due to scarring.

57
Q

small bowel resection

A

removes diseased portions of intestines, and the two healthy ends are rejoined with anastomosis

58
Q

ileostomy

A

prevents intestine from performing normal digestive fxns; brings the end of the small intestine out through a stoma (surgical opening) and the intestine contents are expelled into an ostomy bag.

59
Q

ileal pouch anal anastomosis

A

colon and rectum are removed and an internal pouch (J pouch) is created from the ileum. It is attached to the anus to keep the pouch inside of the body.

60
Q

intussusception

A

intestinal obstruction typically in children 3 mo - 6 yrs. Bowel collapses into opening of another segment; irritation, swelling, difficulty digesting. Eventually blood supply is cut off. Can sometimes self correct but often surgical removal of section is required.

61
Q

diverticular disease

A

disorder of large intestine where small pouch-like herniations form in the muscular wall of the colon (diverticula). Diverticulitis = fecal matter trapped in the pouch causing inflammation and rupture. Pain and rectal bleeding.

62
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen twisted blood vessels in the rectum; internal or external. Pregnancy and chronic constipation = pressure on anal veins = cause.

63
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of the intestines; can cause obstruction, pain, nausea, and emesis. Surgical correction needed.

64
Q

Most common GI cancer sites

A

Colon and rectum. Usually begin with formation of polyps; sessile = sits directly on mucous membrane, pedunculated = short stalk polyp. An adenoma is a polyp that can become cancerous. Polypectomy can prevent escalation.

65
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease; hepatomegaly, ascites, jaundice, spider angioma, palmar erythema (red and blotchy palms), and xanthomas (yellow lumps on eyes/elbows/hands). Brain damage can occur via change in blood composition. Internal bleeding - portal hypertension => splenomegaly and esophageal varices. Often alcohol excess or strains of hepatitis.

66
Q

hepatitis

A

liver inflammation; acute or chronic.Most severe = viruses begin replicating. NASH = nonalcoholic steatohepatitis related to the presence of fats.

67
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

A: most common, via fecal-oral contamination. B: Spread by blood and bodily fluids. C: slowly progressing spread by infected blood/contamination. No vaccine, treated via antiviral interferon alpha.

68
Q

interferon

A

protein naturally produced to fight viruses and boost immune system; in medicine - interferon alpha to treat Hepatitis C

69
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of gladdbladder stones w/ biliary colic (pain). Usually associated with cholecystitis - inflammation of gladdbladder. Gallstones are formed by cholesterol. Drugs can help dissolve, extraction, often surgery - laparoscopic cholecystectomy

70
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

71
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP

A

procedure the view the ducts and perform procedures to relieve obstructions of biliary or pancreatic ducts.

72
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflamm pancrteas; alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, bile obstruction, infections. Acute or chronic. Often subsides with symptomatic treatment only.

73
Q

pancreaticoduodenectomy / Whipple procedure

A

surgical removal of portion of pancreas, duodenum, and portion of stomach. Combats cancer of pancreas.

74
Q

Liver function tests / liver panel

A

Series of blood chemistry tests measuring enzymes secreted by liver: albumin, ALP, ALT/SGPT, AST/SGOT, bilirubin, globulin, blood, total cholesterol, total protein

75
Q

Pancreatic studies (2 tests)

A

serum amylase test: measures amount of amylase in blood /// serum lipase test: measure amount of lipase in blood

76
Q

Stool Analysis ( 4 tests)

A

fecal fat test: elevated fats indicate malabsorption /// stool culture: abnormal bacteria check /// stool guaiac: detect occult or fecal blood /// Hemoccult test: fecal occult blood test for possible GI bleed

77
Q

fecal occult blood (FOB) / Hemoccult test

A

card test examined under microscope looking for blood not visible to naked eye

78
Q

Gastroccult test

A

rapid test performed on gastric aspirate to detect occult blood in small intestine and determine pH levels

79
Q

Gram stain

A

rapid stool test looking for bacterial infection

80
Q

Helicobacter pylori blood test

A

tests for antibody positivity; also available as urea breath test and a stool antigen test

81
Q

pancreatic elastase test

A

fecal marker test; pancreatic insufficiency - predictor of gallbladder problems, diabetes, pancreatic issues

82
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR test)

A

secondary blood test if test is positive for hepatitis C to see if virus is still present

83
Q

stool for O&P

A

(ova and parasites) stool test looking for parasitic infection

84
Q

urea breath test/C-breath test

A

test after ingestion of urea to check for presence of H pylori infection

85
Q

Wright stain/fecal luekocyte smear

A

stool test looking for white blood cells in stool; sign of shigella, campylobacter, etc

86
Q

24-hour esophageal pH monitoring

A

measures acidity or alkaline nature of gastric acid from stomach refluxed into esophagus for GERD; catheter through nostril into esoph for 24hrs and monitored.

87
Q

anorectal manometry

A

measure contraction of anus and rectum via inserting balloon and sensor; measures rectal sphincteric reflex

88
Q

barium beefsteak meal

A

x-ray performed after patient
eats a barium containing meal; taken as stomach digests food over time

89
Q

Bernstein test

A

procedure in GI lab reproducing GI reflux using hydrochloric acid introduced to the stomach

89
Q

T-tube cholangiogram

A

x-ray done with contrast dye to visualize bile duct during or following surgery

89
Q

Sitzmark study/colorectal transit study

A

x-ray tracking a swallowed capsule. Used to determine how long it takes food to travel through digestive tract; several day process.

89
Q

defecography

A

x-ray procedure documenting changes in rectum and anus during bowel movement

90
Q

esophageal manometry

A

tube insertion connected to a monitor that measures contractility of esophagus

91
Q

radioisotope gastric-emptying study

A

nuclear medicine study after ingestion of radioisotope tracer; visualize how quickly the stomach empties into the small intestine

91
Q

epigastrium

A

upper part of abdomen below rib cage (one of the 9 quadrants, above umbilical and above hypogastric)

91
Q

Tru-Cut liver biospy

A

piece of tissue removed from liver to be viewed under microscope to look for damage/disease

92
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion; stomach pain, overfullness, bloating

93
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

94
Q

ileus

A

intolerance of oral intake due to inhibition of gastrointestinal movement without signs of mechanical obstruction. Often due to inflammation and opiod use.

95
Q

enterotomy

A

surgical incision into an intestine; may be for complications of surgery of laparotomies or hernia repair.

96
Q

hiatal hernia

A

a part of the stomach portrudes through the diaphragm at the opening where the esophagus normally passes through

97
Q

antigliadin antibody

A

antibodies of IgA and IgG class found in serum of celiac disease patients; presence of antibodies that attack gliadin, a protein found in gluten

98
Q

endomysial antibodies (EMA)

A

These autoantibodies cause the intestine to swell. Can prevent body from absorbing nutrients from food. Specific to celiac disease.

99
Q

splenic flexure

A

bend where the transverse colon and descending colon meet in the upper left part of the abdomen; highest point colon reaches into the body

100
Q

abdominal pannus

A

excess skin and fat begin to hang down from the abdomen; via pregnancy or weight changes

101
Q

rolling hernia / paraesophageal hiatus hernias

A

part of the stomach pushes up through the hole in the diaphragm next to the esophagus

102
Q

mesentery

A

attaches intestines to the wall of the abdomen; keeps intestines in place, prevent from collapsing down into pelvic area.

103
Q

ligament of Treitz

A

thin band of tissue (peritoneum) that connects and supports end of duodenum and beginning of jejunum in the small intestine.

104
Q

pneumoperitoneum

A

presence of air or gas in the abdominal cavity. Can be instigated with insufflation for a laparoscopic procedures to examined abdominal organs.

105
Q

Barnett continent intestinal reservoir BCIR

A

surgery that creates an internal pouch after proctocolectomy (removal of colon and rectum).

106
Q

enterocele

A

Occurs when small intestine prolapses or drops, causing a bulge in the vagina. Postmeno women who have given birth are more likely to develop.

107
Q

Puestow procedure

A

lateral pancreaticjejunostomy; surgical technique to relieve chronic pancreatitis; side-to-side anastomosis of jejunum and pancreas.

108
Q

ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanreatography

A

procedure to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas.

109
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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