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Medical Transcription > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

group of abnormal cells that have not spread from the location where they first formed (cancer in place)

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2
Q

MediPort

A

small medical appliance that is surgically installed beneath the skin; catheter connects the port to a vein to deliver medicine, blood products, nutrients, or fluids.

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3
Q

Jackson-Pratt drain (JP drain)

A

device used to drain bodily fluids that might collect under or near incision. Closed, air-tight drainage system which operates by self-suction. Promotes healing by keeping excess pressure off and decreasing infection risk.

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4
Q

Hypoestes rosea

A

plant medicine experimentally used for treatments

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5
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ; may be sign of abnormal or precancerous changes

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6
Q

hypermetabolism

A

elevated resting energy expenditure; often accompanied with extreme weight loss, anemia, fatigue, SOB. Often indicative of brain injury.

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7
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

increased thickness of the stratum corneum; outer layer of skin. Can be due to excessive pressure, inflammation, or irritation to the skin.

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8
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system/immune system. White blood cells; lymphocytes; grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body. Aggressive and fast spreading.

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9
Q

hemicolectomy

A

colectomy procedure removing one side of the colon; often to treat colon cancer and bowel disease such as Crohn’s. The healthy part is reattached to the colon.

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10
Q

Hartmann pouch procedure

A

Type of colectomy that removes part of the colon and sometimes rectum (proctosigmoidectomy). The remains are sealed, creating the pouch, and the colon is redirected to a colostomy; reroutes from cancer or persistent infection

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11
Q

FOLFOX / Oxaliplatin de Gramont / OxMdG

A

combination of chemotherapy drugs. Treatment for a number of different cancers.

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12
Q

FOLFIRI / irinotecan de Gramont

A

chemotherapy regimen treatment for advanced bowel cancer or other digestive cancers.

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13
Q

esophagectomy

A

most common form of surgery for esophageal cancer. Remove all or part of the esophagus and nearby lymph nodes via incisions of chest, abdomen, or both. Reconstruct esophagus with the use of stomach or colon.

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14
Q

epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline; neurotransmitter and a hormone. Used as a medication and as the body’s fight-or-flight response. Used for cardiac arrest, eye surgery, septic shock, or anaphylaxis.

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15
Q

empyema

A

collection of pus in a cavity in the body, especially pleural

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16
Q

DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ

A

condition affecting cells of the milk ducts in the breast; cells lining the ducts turn malignant but stay in place. Early form of breast cancer.

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17
Q

crystalloid fluid

A

aqueous solution of mineral salts and other small, water-soluble molecules. Most commercially available solutions are isotonic to human plasma. Used for fluid resuscitation in presence of hemorrhage, sepsis, dehydration

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18
Q

coloproctostomy

A

surgical formation of an artificial passage between the colon and the rectum. Redirects GI tract for Crohn’s relief.

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19
Q

cisplatin

A

antineoplastic agent from the 1970s. Is highly toxic but highly utilized chemotherapeutic agent via IVfor hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Can be used as single agent or combo therapy.

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20
Q

CaHD

A

carcinoid heart disease; complication for patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Rare cardiac manifestation usually involving right-sided heart valves leading to right heart failure

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21
Q

cardiolite scan

A

( or thallium) scan using a radioactive tracer to see how much blood is reaching different parts of the heart. Nuclear medicine scan.

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22
Q

carboplatin (Paraplatin)

A

alkylating agent; chemotherapy drug; treatment for numebvrous cancers by IV injection.

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23
Q

bevacizumab (Avastin)

A

anti-angiogenic (tumor starving ) targeted cancer drug treatment. May be used in combo with other drugs. Treats cancer and specific eye diseases; given by slow injection into vein

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24
Q

Bard-Parker surgical blade

A

safety blades used for tissue separation or procedures involving punctures or cuts.

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25
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical connection between 2 structures; usually between tubular structures such as rerouting blood vessels or loops of intestine.

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26
Q

adventitious lung sounds

A

sounds heard in addition to the expected breath sounds. Crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes. Stridor and rubs also.

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27
Q

villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma (VPA)

A

rare subtype of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Generally in child-bearing aged women

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28
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue;

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29
Q

verrucous

A

lesions showing a keratotic surface of wart-like growth pattern.

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30
Q

urothelium

A

highly specialized tissue lining the inside of the urinary tract. Prevents urine from leaking out into the body. Stretches and contracts as bladder fills and empties. 90% of bladder cancers start here.

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31
Q

Gestational trophoblastic diseases GTD

A

group of rare diseases; abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception (fertilization) occurs. Can be malignant or benign.

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32
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency of platelets in the blood; causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting.

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33
Q

tenotomy

A

procedure to treat pain in one of your tendons; dividing a tendon, removing a piece of tendon via incisions, or removing.

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34
Q

subplatysmal

A

fat compartment between the platysma and the submental musculature. Below the chin. Platysmaplasty is included in “neck lift” to tighten the neck.

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35
Q

squamous cells

A

make up the middle and outer layers of skin; carcinoma here is a common type of skin cancer. Usually nonlife threatening, but left can spread to other parts of the body

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36
Q

SaO2

A

Oxygen saturation of arterial blood - percentage of available binding sites on hemoglobin that are bound with oxygen in arterial blood.

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37
Q

prostatectomy

A

Remove all or part of the prostate gland/ often done for benign conditions that cause urinary retention as well as prostate cancer or other pelvic cancers.

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38
Q

porta hepatis

A

“Transverse hepatic fissure” deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver through which all neurovascular structures and hepatic ducts enter or leave the liver

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39
Q

polypectomy

A

removal of a polyp; colon polyps often removed through abdominal surgery, but more commonly done via colonoscopy using forceps or snare that burns through base.

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40
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane folding back on itself to form a 2-layered membranous sac attached to the chest wall and covering the lungs.

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41
Q

pemetrexed ( Alimta )

A

chemotherapy medication for treatment of pleural mesothelioma; non-small cell lung cancer.

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42
Q

pedunculated

A

structure that has a stalk or stem (peduncle) or is attached to another structure by a peduncle

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43
Q

oxaliplatin ( Eloxatin )

A

alkylating agent; cytotoxic chemotherapy drug. Type of platinum drug. Interferes with development of DNA in a cell. Stops cells from growing, multiplying, and kills them.

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44
Q

nivolumab ( Opdivo )

A

anti-PD-1; cancer medicine used alone or in combo with other medicines on the immune system to interfere with growth and spread of cancer cells in the body.

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45
Q

Oncotype DX

A

test that predicts how likely cancer is to spread somewhere else (2ndary to breast ca ) within 10 years of diagnosis in people taking hormone therapy for at least 5 yrs

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46
Q

normocytic normochromic anemia

A

type of anemia in which the circulating RBCs are the same size (normocytic) and have a normal red color (normochromic). Occurs with fewer RBCs than normal without the normal amount of hg.

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47
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant.

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48
Q

myelogenous leukemia

A

cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes; bone marrow makes too many which blood cells. Slow progressing blood and bone marrow disease.

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49
Q

Mohs surgery

A

method for treating skin cancer lesions; removes thin layers of skin one layer at a time and examines each layer under microscope to determine if cancer remains.

50
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

most common type of cancer; originates in glandular epithelium

51
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor of epithelial tissue

52
Q

astrocytoma

A

tumor that originates in the brain or spinal cord, cells of which are star shaped (astrocytes)

53
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common form of skin cancer; begins in the basal layer of skin

54
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ

A

cancer cells that begin in the milk ducts and have not spread beyond the duct walls

55
Q

fibroadenoma

A

benign breast lump that consists of fibrous and glandular tissue

56
Q

Gardner syndrome

A

Hereditary condition in which polyps develop early in life and frequently lead to cancer

57
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

carcinoma of the lymphatic system

58
Q

inflammatory tumor

A

tumor caused by immune system response to the presence of abnormal cells. When chronic, proliferation can occur conductive to development of cancer

59
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

beginning in milk ducts; spreads beyond to nearby fatty tissue and further spreading to other parts of body; most common type of breast cancer

60
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign fibrous tumor of the uterus

61
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia (acute myelocytic/myeloblastic)

A

aggressive disease; too many myeloblasts in the blood and bone marrow

61
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia)

A

aggressive cancer of blood; too many immature white blood cells (lymphoblasts) in blood and bone marrow

61
Q

lobular carcinoma

A

cancer beginning in the lobules of milk-carrying ducts in the breast and spreads beyond them

62
Q

lymphoma (2)

A

cancer of lymphatic system; two main types. Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

63
Q

MALT lymphoma

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

64
Q

medullary tumor

A

tumor with sharp margins between cancerous and normal tissue; invasive ductal carcinoma

65
Q

melanoma

A

skin cancer that begins in the melanocytes

66
Q

mesothelioma

A

cancer of the lungs, chest, or abdomen caused by exposure to asbestos

67
Q

mucinous carcinoma

A

type of cancer formed by mucus-producing cancer cells

68
Q

multiple myeloma

A

cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow

69
Q

myxoma

A

most frequently in left atrium of heart; tumors are benign

70
Q

non-small cell lung cancer

A

under a microscope the cancer cells appear large; less aggressive form of lung cancer

71
Q

osteosarcoma

A

aggressive malignant bone tumor, usually develops in adolescence

72
Q

Paget disease

A

rare form of breast cancer beginning in the mammary ducts and spreading to the nipple and areola

73
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant soft tissue tumor that is most often seen in children

74
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial tissue

75
Q

uterine fibroid tumor

A

benign tumor of the uterus or uterine region consisting of fibrous of connective tissue

76
Q

villous adenoma

A

benign polyp of the colon or rectum

77
Q

elevated alpha-fetoprotein level

A

while normal in a fetus, an elevated AFP in an adult can indicate liver cancer

78
Q

ASCUS - atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

A

diagnostic test for HPV; indicator for possible cervical cancer

79
Q

barium enema

A

diagnostic method used to help diagnose colon cancer

80
Q

BRCA1 or BRCA2

A

blood test for this genetic mutation that significantly increases risk of breast cancer; 1 also increases risk of ovarian cancer

81
Q

CA 19-9

A

tumor marker primarily used to test for pancreatic carcinoma, but also stomach, colorectal, and bile ductal tumors

82
Q

CA 125

A

tumor marker used to test for ovarian cancer

83
Q

CEA

A

laboratory test that measures the amount of a blood protein found in many types of cancer

84
Q

colonoscopy

A

diagnostic examination of the rectum and colon using a lighted colonoscope; a sigmoidoscopy is a limited colonoscopic examination going no further than the sigmoid colon

85
Q

colposcopy

A

exam of the cervix and vagina using a colposcope (magnifying scope)

86
Q

digital rectal examination

A

with gloved finger in rectum, physician examines patient for any abnormality of rectum/prostate

87
Q

estrogen receptor assay

A

lab test performed on a cancer specimen to determine whether estrogen is present; estrogen receptor positive cancers respond well to hormonal therapy

88
Q

fecal occult blood test

A

stool guaiac test; checks for blood in stool which may indicate colorectal cancer

89
Q

flow cytometry

A

test of cancer tissue to determine speed of reproduction of cancer cells and to check for normal/abnormal amounts of DNA in cancer cells

90
Q

HER2/neu

A

laboratory test of protein found on surface of normal breast cells; checks for abnormally high qt, which can indicate breast cancer

91
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

diagnostic exam of chest cavity using a mediastinoscope; visualize lymph nodes in this region and collect tissue samples for biopsy

92
Q

nuclear medicine scan

A

isotope injected into circulatory system as a method of location disease of internal organs such as liver and brain

93
Q

progesterone receptor assay

A

lab test on cancer specimen to determine whether cancer depends on progesterone to grow

94
Q

ProstaScint scan

A

imaging study using radioactive material to locate prostate cancer that has spread beyond prostate

95
Q

PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

A

laboratory test that measures a protein produced by the prostate gland; PSA levels are often elevated in men with prostate cancer

96
Q

radionuclide scan

A

using intravenous radioactive tracer material, an image is created of internal organs of the body; material settles in areas where cancer may have spread

97
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

additional treatment given following primary treatment to lower risk of relapse; may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, etc

98
Q

autologous / allogenic

A

in reference to transplant; ie bone marrow transplant; autologous is from the patient themselves, and allogenic is from a donor

99
Q

brachytherapy

A

internal radiation treatment using high-dose radioactive implant placed directly in or around tumor to kill cancer cells; may be used in combo with external beam radiation

100
Q

electrofulguration

A

destruction of cancer cells using electrical current

101
Q

en bloc resection

A

removal of a tumor without dissection

102
Q

exenteration

A

removal of all organs in a body cavity, ie, the pelvic cavity

103
Q

fractionation

A

method of cancer rx using radiation therapy where total dose is given in small doses over period of several days

104
Q

IMRT

A

3-D radiation therapy that shows tumor size and shape, also known as intensity-modulated radiation therapy

105
Q

lumpectomy

A

surgeon removes a tumor and its margins, leaving the breast intact

106
Q

neoadjuvant therapy

A

therapy given before main rx; eg to shrink the tumor

107
Q

Ommaya reservoir

A

device that is surgically implanted beneath the scalp and used for delivery of anticancer drug treatment

108
Q

photocoagulation

A

rx using a laser to heat up and kill cancer cells

109
Q

proton therapy

A

cancer rx method using beam of protons to eradicate diseases cancerous tissue

110
Q

stereotactic needle biopsy

A

diagnostic method of locating calcifications or a breast lump seen on mammography but nonpalpable

111
Q

NMP22

A

urine cytology test for bladder cancer detection and for monitoring purpose

112
Q

EVP test

A

blood test screening for nasopharyngeal cancer by detecting presence of exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (a risk factor for NP cancer)

113
Q

DR-70

A

blood test screening for 13 different types of cancer

114
Q

BTA (Biological Terrain Assessment)

A

computerized monitoring test of blood, saliva, and urine revealing overall cell health

115
Q

exenteration

A

complete surgical removal of a body organ or organs

116
Q

radical procedure vs simple

A

cancer is removed, but some surrounding tissue is removed as well to assure clean margins VS just cancer is removed

117
Q

lipoma

A

benign tumor made up of fat tissue. The typical lipoma is a small, soft, rubbery lump located just beneath the skin. Non painful.

118
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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