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Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

group of abnormal cells that have not spread from the location where they first formed (cancer in place)

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2
Q

MediPort

A

small medical appliance that is surgically installed beneath the skin; catheter connects the port to a vein to deliver medicine, blood products, nutrients, or fluids.

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3
Q

Jackson-Pratt drain (JP drain)

A

device used to drain bodily fluids that might collect under or near incision. Closed, air-tight drainage system which operates by self-suction. Promotes healing by keeping excess pressure off and decreasing infection risk.

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4
Q

Hypoestes rosea

A

plant medicine experimentally used for treatments

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5
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ; may be sign of abnormal or precancerous changes

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6
Q

hypermetabolism

A

elevated resting energy expenditure; often accompanied with extreme weight loss, anemia, fatigue, SOB. Often indicative of brain injury.

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7
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

increased thickness of the stratum corneum; outer layer of skin. Can be due to excessive pressure, inflammation, or irritation to the skin.

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8
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system/immune system. White blood cells; lymphocytes; grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body. Aggressive and fast spreading.

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9
Q

hemicolectomy

A

colectomy procedure removing one side of the colon; often to treat colon cancer and bowel disease such as Crohn’s. The healthy part is reattached to the colon.

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10
Q

Hartmann pouch procedure

A

Type of colectomy that removes part of the colon and sometimes rectum (proctosigmoidectomy). The remains are sealed, creating the pouch, and the colon is redirected to a colostomy; reroutes from cancer or persistent infection

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11
Q

FOLFOX / Oxaliplatin de Gramont / OxMdG

A

combination of chemotherapy drugs. Treatment for a number of different cancers.

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12
Q

FOLFIRI / irinotecan de Gramont

A

chemotherapy regimen treatment for advanced bowel cancer or other digestive cancers.

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13
Q

esophagectomy

A

most common form of surgery for esophageal cancer. Remove all or part of the esophagus and nearby lymph nodes via incisions of chest, abdomen, or both. Reconstruct esophagus with the use of stomach or colon.

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14
Q

epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline; neurotransmitter and a hormone. Used as a medication and as the body’s fight-or-flight response. Used for cardiac arrest, eye surgery, septic shock, or anaphylaxis.

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15
Q

empyema

A

collection of pus in a cavity in the body, especially pleural

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16
Q

DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ

A

condition affecting cells of the milk ducts in the breast; cells lining the ducts turn malignant but stay in place. Early form of breast cancer.

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17
Q

crystalloid fluid

A

aqueous solution of mineral salts and other small, water-soluble molecules. Most commercially available solutions are isotonic to human plasma. Used for fluid resuscitation in presence of hemorrhage, sepsis, dehydration

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18
Q

coloproctostomy

A

surgical formation of an artificial passage between the colon and the rectum. Redirects GI tract for Crohn’s relief.

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19
Q

cisplatin

A

antineoplastic agent from the 1970s. Is highly toxic but highly utilized chemotherapeutic agent via IVfor hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Can be used as single agent or combo therapy.

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20
Q

CaHD

A

carcinoid heart disease; complication for patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Rare cardiac manifestation usually involving right-sided heart valves leading to right heart failure

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21
Q

cardiolite scan

A

( or thallium) scan using a radioactive tracer to see how much blood is reaching different parts of the heart. Nuclear medicine scan.

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22
Q

carboplatin (Paraplatin)

A

alkylating agent; chemotherapy drug; treatment for numebvrous cancers by IV injection.

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23
Q

bevacizumab (Avastin)

A

anti-angiogenic (tumor starving ) targeted cancer drug treatment. May be used in combo with other drugs. Treats cancer and specific eye diseases; given by slow injection into vein

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24
Q

Bard-Parker surgical blade

A

safety blades used for tissue separation or procedures involving punctures or cuts.

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25
anastomosis
surgical connection between 2 structures; usually between tubular structures such as rerouting blood vessels or loops of intestine.
26
adventitious lung sounds
sounds heard in addition to the expected breath sounds. Crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes. Stridor and rubs also.
27
villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma (VPA)
rare subtype of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Generally in child-bearing aged women
28
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue;
29
verrucous
lesions showing a keratotic surface of wart-like growth pattern.
30
urothelium
highly specialized tissue lining the inside of the urinary tract. Prevents urine from leaking out into the body. Stretches and contracts as bladder fills and empties. 90% of bladder cancers start here.
31
Gestational trophoblastic diseases GTD
group of rare diseases; abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception (fertilization) occurs. Can be malignant or benign.
32
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of platelets in the blood; causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting.
33
tenotomy
procedure to treat pain in one of your tendons; dividing a tendon, removing a piece of tendon via incisions, or removing.
34
subplatysmal
fat compartment between the platysma and the submental musculature. Below the chin. Platysmaplasty is included in "neck lift" to tighten the neck.
35
squamous cells
make up the middle and outer layers of skin; carcinoma here is a common type of skin cancer. Usually nonlife threatening, but left can spread to other parts of the body
36
SaO2
Oxygen saturation of arterial blood - percentage of available binding sites on hemoglobin that are bound with oxygen in arterial blood.
37
prostatectomy
Remove all or part of the prostate gland/ often done for benign conditions that cause urinary retention as well as prostate cancer or other pelvic cancers.
38
porta hepatis
"Transverse hepatic fissure" deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver through which all neurovascular structures and hepatic ducts enter or leave the liver
39
polypectomy
removal of a polyp; colon polyps often removed through abdominal surgery, but more commonly done via colonoscopy using forceps or snare that burns through base.
40
pleura
serous membrane folding back on itself to form a 2-layered membranous sac attached to the chest wall and covering the lungs.
41
pemetrexed ( Alimta )
chemotherapy medication for treatment of pleural mesothelioma; non-small cell lung cancer.
42
pedunculated
structure that has a stalk or stem (peduncle) or is attached to another structure by a peduncle
43
oxaliplatin ( Eloxatin )
alkylating agent; cytotoxic chemotherapy drug. Type of platinum drug. Interferes with development of DNA in a cell. Stops cells from growing, multiplying, and kills them.
44
nivolumab ( Opdivo )
anti-PD-1; cancer medicine used alone or in combo with other medicines on the immune system to interfere with growth and spread of cancer cells in the body.
45
Oncotype DX
test that predicts how likely cancer is to spread somewhere else (2ndary to breast ca ) within 10 years of diagnosis in people taking hormone therapy for at least 5 yrs
46
normocytic normochromic anemia
type of anemia in which the circulating RBCs are the same size (normocytic) and have a normal red color (normochromic). Occurs with fewer RBCs than normal without the normal amount of hg.
47
neoplasm
abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant.
48
myelogenous leukemia
cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes; bone marrow makes too many which blood cells. Slow progressing blood and bone marrow disease.
49
Mohs surgery
method for treating skin cancer lesions; removes thin layers of skin one layer at a time and examines each layer under microscope to determine if cancer remains.
50
adenocarcinoma
most common type of cancer; originates in glandular epithelium
51
adenoma
benign tumor of epithelial tissue
52
astrocytoma
tumor that originates in the brain or spinal cord, cells of which are star shaped (astrocytes)
53
basal cell carcinoma
most common form of skin cancer; begins in the basal layer of skin
54
ductal carcinoma in situ
cancer cells that begin in the milk ducts and have not spread beyond the duct walls
55
fibroadenoma
benign breast lump that consists of fibrous and glandular tissue
56
Gardner syndrome
Hereditary condition in which polyps develop early in life and frequently lead to cancer
57
Hodgkin disease
carcinoma of the lymphatic system
58
inflammatory tumor
tumor caused by immune system response to the presence of abnormal cells. When chronic, proliferation can occur conductive to development of cancer
59
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
beginning in milk ducts; spreads beyond to nearby fatty tissue and further spreading to other parts of body; most common type of breast cancer
60
leiomyoma
benign fibrous tumor of the uterus
61
acute myelogenous leukemia (acute myelocytic/myeloblastic)
aggressive disease; too many myeloblasts in the blood and bone marrow
61
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia)
aggressive cancer of blood; too many immature white blood cells (lymphoblasts) in blood and bone marrow
61
lobular carcinoma
cancer beginning in the lobules of milk-carrying ducts in the breast and spreads beyond them
62
lymphoma (2)
cancer of lymphatic system; two main types. Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
63
MALT lymphoma
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
64
medullary tumor
tumor with sharp margins between cancerous and normal tissue; invasive ductal carcinoma
65
melanoma
skin cancer that begins in the melanocytes
66
mesothelioma
cancer of the lungs, chest, or abdomen caused by exposure to asbestos
67
mucinous carcinoma
type of cancer formed by mucus-producing cancer cells
68
multiple myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow
69
myxoma
most frequently in left atrium of heart; tumors are benign
70
non-small cell lung cancer
under a microscope the cancer cells appear large; less aggressive form of lung cancer
71
osteosarcoma
aggressive malignant bone tumor, usually develops in adolescence
72
Paget disease
rare form of breast cancer beginning in the mammary ducts and spreading to the nipple and areola
73
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant soft tissue tumor that is most often seen in children
74
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial tissue
75
uterine fibroid tumor
benign tumor of the uterus or uterine region consisting of fibrous of connective tissue
76
villous adenoma
benign polyp of the colon or rectum
77
elevated alpha-fetoprotein level
while normal in a fetus, an elevated AFP in an adult can indicate liver cancer
78
ASCUS - atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance
diagnostic test for HPV; indicator for possible cervical cancer
79
barium enema
diagnostic method used to help diagnose colon cancer
80
BRCA1 or BRCA2
blood test for this genetic mutation that significantly increases risk of breast cancer; 1 also increases risk of ovarian cancer
81
CA 19-9
tumor marker primarily used to test for pancreatic carcinoma, but also stomach, colorectal, and bile ductal tumors
82
CA 125
tumor marker used to test for ovarian cancer
83
CEA
laboratory test that measures the amount of a blood protein found in many types of cancer
84
colonoscopy
diagnostic examination of the rectum and colon using a lighted colonoscope; a sigmoidoscopy is a limited colonoscopic examination going no further than the sigmoid colon
85
colposcopy
exam of the cervix and vagina using a colposcope (magnifying scope)
86
digital rectal examination
with gloved finger in rectum, physician examines patient for any abnormality of rectum/prostate
87
estrogen receptor assay
lab test performed on a cancer specimen to determine whether estrogen is present; estrogen receptor positive cancers respond well to hormonal therapy
88
fecal occult blood test
stool guaiac test; checks for blood in stool which may indicate colorectal cancer
89
flow cytometry
test of cancer tissue to determine speed of reproduction of cancer cells and to check for normal/abnormal amounts of DNA in cancer cells
90
HER2/neu
laboratory test of protein found on surface of normal breast cells; checks for abnormally high qt, which can indicate breast cancer
91
mediastinoscopy
diagnostic exam of chest cavity using a mediastinoscope; visualize lymph nodes in this region and collect tissue samples for biopsy
92
nuclear medicine scan
isotope injected into circulatory system as a method of location disease of internal organs such as liver and brain
93
progesterone receptor assay
lab test on cancer specimen to determine whether cancer depends on progesterone to grow
94
ProstaScint scan
imaging study using radioactive material to locate prostate cancer that has spread beyond prostate
95
PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
laboratory test that measures a protein produced by the prostate gland; PSA levels are often elevated in men with prostate cancer
96
radionuclide scan
using intravenous radioactive tracer material, an image is created of internal organs of the body; material settles in areas where cancer may have spread
97
adjuvant therapy
additional treatment given following primary treatment to lower risk of relapse; may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, etc
98
autologous / allogenic
in reference to transplant; ie bone marrow transplant; autologous is from the patient themselves, and allogenic is from a donor
99
brachytherapy
internal radiation treatment using high-dose radioactive implant placed directly in or around tumor to kill cancer cells; may be used in combo with external beam radiation
100
electrofulguration
destruction of cancer cells using electrical current
101
en bloc resection
removal of a tumor without dissection
102
exenteration
removal of all organs in a body cavity, ie, the pelvic cavity
103
fractionation
method of cancer rx using radiation therapy where total dose is given in small doses over period of several days
104
IMRT
3-D radiation therapy that shows tumor size and shape, also known as intensity-modulated radiation therapy
105
lumpectomy
surgeon removes a tumor and its margins, leaving the breast intact
106
neoadjuvant therapy
therapy given before main rx; eg to shrink the tumor
107
Ommaya reservoir
device that is surgically implanted beneath the scalp and used for delivery of anticancer drug treatment
108
photocoagulation
rx using a laser to heat up and kill cancer cells
109
proton therapy
cancer rx method using beam of protons to eradicate diseases cancerous tissue
110
stereotactic needle biopsy
diagnostic method of locating calcifications or a breast lump seen on mammography but nonpalpable
111
NMP22
urine cytology test for bladder cancer detection and for monitoring purpose
112
EVP test
blood test screening for nasopharyngeal cancer by detecting presence of exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (a risk factor for NP cancer)
113
DR-70
blood test screening for 13 different types of cancer
114
BTA (Biological Terrain Assessment)
computerized monitoring test of blood, saliva, and urine revealing overall cell health
115
exenteration
complete surgical removal of a body organ or organs
116
radical procedure vs simple
cancer is removed, but some surrounding tissue is removed as well to assure clean margins VS just cancer is removed
117
lipoma
benign tumor made up of fat tissue. The typical lipoma is a small, soft, rubbery lump located just beneath the skin. Non painful.
118

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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