Endocrine Flashcards
ACTH
adrenocortisone hormone, released by the pituitary gland and is responsible for stress response. Triggers adrenal glands to produce cortisol under stress and androgens “sex” hormone
Acidosis
excessive acid in the body causing rapid breathing, tiredness, headache, jaundice, inc BP.
ALP - alkaline phosphatase
enzyme found in bones, bile ducts, intestines, placenta and tumors. Can indicate bone or liver disease but also responsible for regular growth.
glucometer
portable device allowing one to check their blood sugar levels
17-hydroxyprogesterone test
measures 17-OHP in the blood which is produced by your adrenal glands. Diagnoses a rare genetic disorder.
hyperaldosteronism
disorder where one or both of the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone which regulates blood pressure utilizing salt and potassium
IGF-1
insulin-like growth factor. Helps in childhood development and anabolic in adults.
insulin glargine
long-lasting insulin that lasts 24 hours to stabilize blood sugars
ketoacidosis
uncontrolled ketone production in the body that causes acidosis (change blood Ph). Complication of diabetes
parathyroidectomy
treating hyperparathyroid, removal of some or all of the 4 glands in the neck.
parathyroid hormone
controls level of calcium in the blood, not the bones
parotitis
inflammation of one or both parotid glands on the side of the face
epotein alfa
man-made protein that helps the body produce red blood cells
diabetes insipidus
body uses too much ADH or vasopressin and creates too much urine, doesnt properly retain water for fxning
Cushing syndrome
excess cortisol produced in the body, which regulates blood pressure, stress, muscle tension, memories, salt balance, inflammation, converting food into energy
pheochromocytoma
rare tumor of the adrenal medulla made of cromaffin cells “pheochromocytes”. Can cause high BP and headaches
polydipsia
excessive thirst -diabetes
POLYURIA
excessive urine, can occur with diabetes
Addison disease
adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones cortisol and aldosterone, hypoadrenal fxn.- ab pain, diarrhea, steadily worsening fatigue, hyperpigmentation, low BP, hypoglycemia, craving salt
gynecomastia
abnormal noncancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in males due to growth of breast tissue due to estrogen and androgen imbalance.
hypovitaminosis
insufficiency in one or more essential vitamins in the body. Often vitamin D sun exposure with UVB.
pancreas
(also digestive) located behind the stomach and fxns as a gland. Regulates the blood sugar levels
Pineal gland
pea-shaped, mid rear brain. Produces and regulates hormones incl melatonin which affects sleeping and circadian rhythms.
Pituitary Gland
“Hypophysis” or “master gland”. @ base of brain. Regulates fxns of all other glands. Two lobes; adenohypophysis (anterior) and neurohypophysis (posterior)
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormones: stim ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen. For males, spermatoza development
GnRH (LH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone or “Luteinizing”: testosterone in males, androgen, estrogen, progestin in ovaries and develops corpus-luteum in females
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormones. Pigment skin.
prolactin
breat development with pregnancy and milk secretion after delivery. Unknown fxn in males.
GH/somatotroph
growth hormone. Stimulates bone and tissue growth.
TSH
Thyrotropin/thyroid stimulating hormone. Regulates structure and fxn of the thryoid, and stimulates synthesis of thyroxine: Heart rate, metabolism, heart muscle.
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone - helps kidneys regulate water balance
Thyroid Gland
Below larynx in neck, left and right lobes. Produces Calcitonin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine (T3 and T4)
calcitonin
produced by the thyroid C cells; lowers plasma concentration of calcium
Thyroxine T4
Regulates body’s temperature and rate of oxygen use by cells
triiodothyronine T3
Increases rate of metabolism in the body cells.
Parathyroid gland
4 small glands on the rear of thyroid glands. Secrete PTH
PTH
Parathyroid hormone - regulates calcium in the blood
Adrenal Glands “Suprarenal”
2 small glands on top of each kidney. In 2 parts with distinct fxns. Medulla (inner) and cortex (outer)
Aldosterone
Regulates salt in body and body fluid volume (adrenal)
Cortisol
Regulates quantity of sugars and fats in the blood (adrenal)
epinephrine
Adrenaline - constriction or dilation of arterioles, accelerates heart.
norepinephrine
constrict arterioles, neurotransmitter made from dopamine. Neurotransmitter and hormone. Made from dopamine.
islets/islands of Langerhans
cells in the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon
insulin
Regulates transport and storage of glucose. Fat cells take in glucose.
glucagon
Increase blood sugar by starting conversion of glycogen to glucose from the liver to be released.
diaphoresis / secondary hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating due to underlying health problem or medication.
ascites
fluid collects in spaces in the abdomen; can affect lungs, kidneys, other organs. Causes pain, swelling, nausea, vomiting
leukopenia
white blood cell levels are lower than normal. May be due to cancer treatment or autoimmune disorder.
SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin. Body retains too much water; nausea, vomiting, cramps, mood change, seizures, etc
